For effective environmental health services delivery, Environmental Health Officers Registration Council of Nigeria, proposed a typical EHS department can be organized into the following divisions:
I Division of Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion;
II Division of Food Safety and Quality Control;
III Division of Records and Environmental Health Data Management;
IV Division of Water Sanitation and quality control;
V Division of Pollution Control, Waste Management and Sewage
VI Division of Port Health Services and Frontiers
VII Division of Pest and Vector
VIII Division of Occupational Health and Safety;
IX Division of Disease and Emergency;
X Division of Health Education and Promotion
XI Division of Housing and Inspection;
XII Legal processes and Prosecution;
XIII Division of Epidemiology of Communicable and Non Communicable Diseases; and
XV Division of Environmental Health Monitoring, Radiation, Noise, Environmental/Health
Impact Assessment
Tuesday, December 6, 2011
ORGANIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES DEPARTMENT IN NIGERIA
I am an environmental public health practitioner. Obtained first degree in public health [environmental health and safety] from Federal University of Technology, Owerri.
Roles of Environmental Health Officers
• Investigate complaints from residents about nuisance [including noise and odour] arising from
business or domestic activities.
• Promote awareness of neighbourhood nuisance and abate them appropriately
• Monitoring and management of environmental safety and protection at a higher level of practice
• Initiation, implementation and evaluation of environmental health services
• Involvement in designing and inspecting of all types of premises and situations for
environmental, occupational and sanitation requirements and compliance
• Provision of technical advice in the enactment and enforcement of laws, regulations and by-
laws relevant to public and environmental health
• Conducting research activities on communities and the environmental health problems and
suggesting solutions to the problems
• Participating in the surveillance and control of communicable diseases at local, state,
national and international levels
• Participating as members of health teams in preventive and promotive health care at all levels
• Participation in the formulation and development of health policies for the management and
improvement of public health and its sustainability
• Facilitation of change towards positive health and its sustainability
• Production of ICT in the relevant areas of public health
• Planning teaching and training programs for environmental health personnel, and other related
health workers and community on issues that relate to environment and public health
• Engagement in continuing education and research in Public health
business or domestic activities.
• Promote awareness of neighbourhood nuisance and abate them appropriately
• Monitoring and management of environmental safety and protection at a higher level of practice
• Initiation, implementation and evaluation of environmental health services
• Involvement in designing and inspecting of all types of premises and situations for
environmental, occupational and sanitation requirements and compliance
• Provision of technical advice in the enactment and enforcement of laws, regulations and by-
laws relevant to public and environmental health
• Conducting research activities on communities and the environmental health problems and
suggesting solutions to the problems
• Participating in the surveillance and control of communicable diseases at local, state,
national and international levels
• Participating as members of health teams in preventive and promotive health care at all levels
• Participation in the formulation and development of health policies for the management and
improvement of public health and its sustainability
• Facilitation of change towards positive health and its sustainability
• Production of ICT in the relevant areas of public health
• Planning teaching and training programs for environmental health personnel, and other related
health workers and community on issues that relate to environment and public health
• Engagement in continuing education and research in Public health
I am an environmental public health practitioner. Obtained first degree in public health [environmental health and safety] from Federal University of Technology, Owerri.
44th Annual National Conference/Workshop of Environmental Health Officers Association of Nigeria
Sustainable development has remain a major global discourse and concern particularly the environment & health effect on the overall wellbeing of living matter.
The concern is so pronounced that development and environmental Health expert are worried if the world would be able to survive the presence rare at which the environment is being depleted and not too impressive commitment being given to solve the problem.
Principle 1 of the United Nation [UN] charter of the Rio Declaration on Environment states that “Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature”.
The Environmental Health Officers Association of Nigeria [EHOAN] being the major stakeholder in Environmental Health Practice in Nigeria and other countries has organized Conference/Scientific workshop to mirror some of the constituents of sustainable development with emphasis on the Environmental health Challenges/implications, titled ‘Environmental Health: The key to sustainable development of a nation’ in Umuahia, Abia state between 17th-22nd October, 2011.
The expected commitments from both the practitioners, government and non-governmental organizations in enhancing the realization of the UN objectives of sustainable development that would not only flourish the present generation but also continue to provide adequately to satisfy the yearnings of the unborn/future generations was focused.
The topics discussed are:
* Environmental health implications of housing development
• The place of Environmental health in Agricultural development
• E-waste: its implication to health and environment
• Energy use, public infrastructural development and environmental health
• Medical waste management! The environmental health challenges
• Indoor Residual Spray [IRS]: An approach to malaria prevention
The communiqué at the end of the conference will be posted later.
The concern is so pronounced that development and environmental Health expert are worried if the world would be able to survive the presence rare at which the environment is being depleted and not too impressive commitment being given to solve the problem.
Principle 1 of the United Nation [UN] charter of the Rio Declaration on Environment states that “Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature”.
The Environmental Health Officers Association of Nigeria [EHOAN] being the major stakeholder in Environmental Health Practice in Nigeria and other countries has organized Conference/Scientific workshop to mirror some of the constituents of sustainable development with emphasis on the Environmental health Challenges/implications, titled ‘Environmental Health: The key to sustainable development of a nation’ in Umuahia, Abia state between 17th-22nd October, 2011.
The expected commitments from both the practitioners, government and non-governmental organizations in enhancing the realization of the UN objectives of sustainable development that would not only flourish the present generation but also continue to provide adequately to satisfy the yearnings of the unborn/future generations was focused.
The topics discussed are:
* Environmental health implications of housing development
• The place of Environmental health in Agricultural development
• E-waste: its implication to health and environment
• Energy use, public infrastructural development and environmental health
• Medical waste management! The environmental health challenges
• Indoor Residual Spray [IRS]: An approach to malaria prevention
The communiqué at the end of the conference will be posted later.
I am an environmental public health practitioner. Obtained first degree in public health [environmental health and safety] from Federal University of Technology, Owerri.
Monday, December 5, 2011
POLICY GUIDELINES ON PEST AND VECTOR CONTROL 2004
POLICY GUIDELINES ON
PEST AND VECTOR CONTROL
DEVELOPED BY
FEDERAL MINISTRY
ABUJA
JULY 2004
PREFACE
Pests and disease vectors constitute serious hazards to public health, food security and general welfare of the citizenry in Nigeria. It is estimated that agricultural pests destroy about 50% of crops, fruits, ornamental plants, vegetables and livestock annually. Household pests also destroy property such as furniture items, clothing, books, etc. Estimated cost of damage caused by pests runs into millions of Naira annually.
Vectors transmit several diseases of public health importance in Nigeria. Malaria which is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquitoes, is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality particularly among children less than 5 years and pregnant women. Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) transmitted by Black flies is responsible for the high incidence of blindness in most rural and remote areas of Nigeria. This disease has resulted in depopulation of many fertile farming areas thus contributing significantly to food insecurity and poverty. Lassa fever and Yellow fever transmitted by M. natalensis (rats) and Aedes mosquitoes respectively have been reported to occur in epidemic proportions in some parts of Nigeria.
Other vector borne diseases, such as Schistosomiasis, Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and Dracunculiasis (guinea worm) continue to exert heavy morbidity and mortality burden especially in rural communities of Nigeria. There is therefore, an urgent need to develop Policy Guidelines that will provide a clear focus for the control of pests and vectors in Nigeria.
The Policy Guidelines on Pest and Vector Control has thus laid out the key strategies necessary to achieve the ultimate goal of reducing the threats posed by pests and vectors to public health and the environment. It has also assigned roles to all Stakeholders and proffered various environment friendly measures for Pest and Vector Control.
Last but not the least, recommendations for establishing Pest and Vector Control Outfits, licensing of pest and vector control operators, as well as health and safety issues in pesticide use have been stated. The implementation of this Policy Guidelines will no doubt stem the disease burden and economic losses associated with pests and vectors.
Col. Bala Mande (rtd)
Honourable Minister of Environment
July 2004
1.O INTRODUCTION
1.1 The term ―pest‖ refers broadly to any organism that is troublesome, noxious or destructive. Pests include a variety of bird species, mites, ticks, nematodes, ants, wasps, bees, locusts, termites, plant and animal pathogens and parasites, nuisance wild animals (e.g. venomous snakes and elephants), rats, mice, snails, cattle, weeds etc. In Nigeria, agricultural pests destroy about half (50%) of crops annually; especially grains, ornamental plants, fruits, vegetables etc, and livestock before and after harvest. This massive destruction inevitably results in poor harvest and low income for farmers and these in turn lead to poor nutrition for the citizenry, starvation and food insecurity. Pests in households also destroy property such as furniture items, wooden parts of buildings, clothing, books, etc. Estimated cost of damage caused by agricultural and household pests runs into millions of Naira annually.
1.2 A vector is an organism (vertebrate or invertebrate) that is capable of transmitting germs from one person to another or from animal to man, in the case of zoonoses. Disease vectors of Public Health importance in Nigeria include: Anopheles, Aedes and Culex species of mosquitoes; tse-tse flies (Glossina spp.); black flies (Simulium spp.); sand flies (Phlebotomus spp.); deerflies (Chrysops spp.); the housefly (Musca domestica); cockroaches (Periplanata spp. and Blatta sp.); body, head and pubic lice (Pediculus humanus, P. capitis and Pthirus pubis); crustaceans, crabs, crayfish and cyclops; mites; ticks; freshwater snails (Bulinus and Biomphalaria spp); and rats (Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus and Mastomys natalensis).
1.3 Anopheles mosquitoes are the vectors of malaria, a life threatening parasitic disease that kills more than a million persons globally. About 90% of these deaths occur in Africa, mostly among young children. It is Africa’s leading cause of under-five mortality, accounting for an estimated 20% of the deaths in the age group. It is also responsible for 10% of the continent’s
overall disease burden and accounts for 40% of Public Health expenditure, 30-50% of in-patient admissions and about 50% of outpatients’ visits in hyper-endemic areas. In Nigeria, it accounts for about 26% of infant mortality, 30% under-five mortality and 11 % maternal mortality annually (FMOH and UNICEF, 2002). In addition, malaria has significant direct and indirect economic consequences including low productivity, school absenteeism, increased poverty level and low general economic development. Other mosquito-borne diseases of public health significance in Nigeria include Yellow Fever, Filariasis, Dengue Fever and Arboviral Infections.
1.4 Schistosomiasis is an endemic parasitic disease transmitted through active penetration of the human skin by the cercaria. This intermediate host is in the family of snails called Bulinus, which lives in slow moving and stagnant water. Infection is characterized by painless passing of blood in the urine towards the end of micturition. The infection causes fibrosis of the urinary bladder, eventually leading to secondary kidney failure if untreated. It rarely leads to anemia. School children who swim or wade through contaminated water or fetch water from contaminated pools or streams are commonly affected. In the northern most borders of Nigeria (Sokoto stretching to Borno), Schistosomiasis endemicity is over 20% of the total population (FMOH, 2002).
1.5 Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) is transmitted by the bite of infective female black flies (Simulium spp.). As the name implies, the disease causes premature blindness in sufferers in addition to a variety of disfiguring skin lesions (e.g. leopard skin). The disease vector breeds in remote, rural areas with fast-running streams and rivers. As a result of this, several areas of arable land in Nigeria have been abandoned by farmers thus creating serious economic, agricultural and social problems. Infection is widely distributed in Nigeria affecting 20 to 25 million in 32 States of the Federation including the Federal Capital Territory (FMOH, 2003).
1.6 Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm) is a water borne parasitic infection transmitted from one person to another, through the drinking of polluted water that is contaminated with infected water fleas called Cyclops. The infective larvae of the worm called Dracunculus medinesis is released from the fleas in the stomach from where it migrates and lodges itself in the body tissue, especially in the legs where it undergoes maturation. The adult female worm subsequently emerges at the skin surface forming a blister which bursts when immersed in cold water, releasing large numbers of its off springs into the water.
Guinea worm infection is still endemic in some States of Nigeria despite the gains of the Nigeria Guinea Worm Eradication Programme (NIGEP). In 2003 up to 1459 new cases were reported (FMOH, 2003). This disease has multiple adverse effects on health, education and economic activities especially in the rural areas. The social and economic effects of the disease are attributed mainly to the temporary disability suffered by infected persons. The most vulnerable are women and children who collect water at wells and ponds as well as farmers at the beginning of the rains. This interferes with planting and thus undermines food security.
1.7 Apart from these four major diseases, several other vector-borne diseases collectively exert a heavy burden in terms of morbidity, mortality, poverty and other direct and indirect social and economic costs on the citizenry.
2.0 AIM
To control pests and vectors in the environment that constitute threats to public health and property.
3.0 OBJECTIVES
3.1 To establish and strengthen Pest and Vector Control Units at the three tiers of Government.
3.2 To control pests and vectors in households, offices, food premises, industries, agricultural farms and the environment in general
3.3 To evolve sustainable Pest and Vector Control systems.
3.4 To regulate the activities of Pest and Vector Control operators.
3.5 To establish surveillance mechanisms for monitoring toxic effects of pesticides on the eco-system and public health.
3.6 To establish and strengthen surveillance mechanism for monitoring pests and vectors in the environment.
4.0 JUSTIFICATION
4.1 Annually, agricultural pests destroy up to 50% of crops especially grains, vegetables, fruits, and livestock before and after harvest. This massive destruction contributes to poverty, poor nutrition, starvation and food insecurity.
4.2 Other pests, such as venomous snakes - Echis carinatus occelatus, contribute to significant morbidity and mortality in the Niger-Benue valley of Nigeria. At the peak of the farming season, it is not uncommon to find hospital beds almost completely taken over by snakebite victims in the area.
4.3 Pests such as the multi-mammate rat transmit Lassa fever, a fatal disease that has caused several epidemic episodes in some parts of the country.
4.4 Vector-borne diseases constitute major health problems in Nigeria. Malaria remains one of the five leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children below the age of five years and pregnant women.
4.5 Other important endemic vector-borne diseases such as Schistosomiasis, Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) and other filariases; Yellow Fever, Guinea Worm and Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) have devastating social, economic and political consequences. They account for significant economic loss thus contributing considerably to poverty and underdevelopment.
4.6 The massive and widespread use and abuse of pesticides to control pests and vectors have serious consequences on the quality of the environment and public health.
4.7 Pests and vectors thus contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality and also exacerbate poverty and under-development. Therefore, evolving realistic, affordable and ecologically safe means of control will reduce the national burden of vector-borne diseases and free resources for other developmental programmes. In addition, the reduction of pests will produce greater agricultural yield, reduce poverty and promote economic growth.
5.0 STRATEGIES
5.1 Develop Policy Guidelines for sustainable Pest and Vector Control activities in line with the National Development Objectives.
5.2 Foster collaboration among key Stakeholders (Ministries of Health, Agriculture, Science and Technology, Water Resources, Academic and Research Institutions, Industries, end users, etc,) on issues of Pest and Vector Control.
5.3 Support research into environment friendly methods of Pest and Vector Control.
5.4 Sensitize and mobilize communities on the significance of pests and vectors as well as the environment friendly methods for their control.
5.5 Facilitate the establishment/strengthening of Pest and Vector Control Units in relevant Ministries, Agencies and all tiers of Government.
5.6 Foster private sector participation in Pest and Vector Control.
5.7 Establish a comprehensive inventory of pests and vectors of public health importance and their bionomics in the different ecological zones of Nigeria.
5.8 Develop Code of Practice for Operators of Pest and Vector Control outfits.
6.0 INSTITUTIONAL ROLES
6.1 The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) shall:
6.1.1 Develop a comprehensive inventory of pests and vectors of public health importance and their bionomics in the different eco-climatic zones.
6.1.2 Develop Codes of Practice for Operators of Pest and Vector Control outfits.
6.1.3 Provide technical assistance and logistic support to States and LGAs on Pest and Vector Control.
6.1.4 Develop Information, Education and Communication (IEC) materials for Pest and Vector Control in consultation with States
6.1.5 Build capacity and ensure institutional strengthening for Pest and Vector Control.
6.1.6 Prepare in collaboration with relevant Stakeholders, Emergency Pest and Vector Control Plan of Action in case of massive pest and vector invasion.
6.1.7 Encourage private sector participation in Pest and Vector Control services
6.1.8 Conduct annual Monitoring and Evaluation of Pest and Vector Control Programmes.
6.1.9 Collaborate with relevant Ministries (Agriculture, Health, Science and Technology etc.) on research into better methods of Pest and Vector Control
6.2 Federal Ministry of Agriculture shall:
6.2.1 Collaborate with Federal Ministry of Environment in the development of Codes of Practice and IEC materials for Pest and Vector Control operators.
6.2.2 Collaborate with Federal Ministry of Environment in the continuous review of the Policy guidelines on Pest and Vector control.
6.3 The Federal Ministry of Health shall:
i. Collaborate with the Federal Ministry of Environment to develop a comprehensive inventory of pests and vectors of public health importance
6.4 The Federal Ministry of Science and Technology shall:
i. Collaborate with the Federal Ministry of Environment to undertake research, foster the development and dissemination of new and better methods for pest control.
6.5 The State Ministries of Environment shall:
6.5.1 Support and ensure the implementation of the Policy Guidelines on Pest and Vector Control
6.5.2 Generate data on Pest and Vector Control activities in the State.
6.5.3 Supervise and coordinate Pest and Vector Control programmes at the Local Government level.
6.5.4 Provide technical support to LGAs.
6.5.5 Carry out advocacy at the State level.
6.5.6 Conduct periodic monitoring and evaluation at the Local Government levels
6.5.7 Adapt in collaboration with Stakeholders, the Emergency Pest and Vector Control Plan of Action for the State.
6.5.8 Build capacity of Pest and Vector Control personnel.
6.5.9 Sensitize and mobilize communities using Information, education and Communication (lEC) materials.
6.5.10 Encourage private sector participation in Pest and Vector Control services
6.5.11 Prepare quarterly report on Pest and Vector Control activities and send to the Federal Ministry of Environment
6.6 State Ministry of Agriculture shall:
6.6.1 Collaborate with State Ministry of Environment and other relevant Stakeholders in dissemination of IEC materials to the communities.
6.6.2 Support Federal Ministry of Environment in generating data on Pest and Vector Control activities in the State.
6.7 The Local Governments shall:
6.7.1 Carry out routine Pest and Vector Control activities in the communities.
6.7.2 Ensure private sector participation in Pest and Vector Control activities.
6.7.3 Sensitize and mobilize communities using lEC materials.
6.7.4 Make annual budgetary provisions for Pest and Vector Control activities
6.7.5 Monitor the activities of Pest and Vector Control Operators and ensure
compliance with the guidelines and codes of practice
6.7.6 Supervise and coordinate Pest and Vector Control activities at community
level.
6.7.7 Render monthly reports on Pest and Vector Control activities and forward
to State
11
6.8 Private Sector shall:
6.8.1 Comply with the provisions of the National Policy Guidelines on Pest and Vector Control.
6.8.2 Comply with the Codes of Practice for Operators of Pest and Vector Control outfits.
6.8.3 Participate in Pest and Vector Control Services on cost recovery basis.
6.8.4 Engage in partnership with Local Governments for better service delivery.
6.8.5 Undertake and support research, specialized studies and product development in Pest and Vector Control.
6.8.6 Promote public enlightenment campaigns.
6.9 Civil Society Organisations shall:
6.9.1 Undertake grassroots mobilization to participate in Pest and Vector Control
6.9.2 Promote Pest and Vector Control at household level.
6.9.3 Promote public enlightenment campaigns on appropriate strategies for Pest and Vector Control.
6.10 The Public shall:
6.10.1 Adopt environment friendly habits and practices.
6.10.2 Comply with existing laws and regulations on Pest and Vector Control.
6.10.3 Comply with the provisions of this Policy Guidelines
6.10.4 Cooperate with other Stakeholders to ensure sustainable Pest and Vector Control.
6.10.5 Pay the requisite fees for Pest and Vector Control services to ensure sustainability.
7.0 PEST AND VECTOR CONTROL MEASURES
The control measures for pests and vectors include:
7.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANLINESS:
7.1.1 The elimination of breeding sites or hide outs eg. clearing of drains, canals, etc.
7.1.2 Removing their sources of food eg. prompt clean up after cooking, regular garbage pickup, etc
7.1.3 Environmental cleanliness is very effective for controlling pests and vectors and can lead to eradication, which can be sustained through health education and community sensitization.
7.2 TRADITIONAL METHODS:
7.1 Time tested and effective cultural and traditional methods of Pest and Vector Control eg. use of certain plants or the rearing of certain animals that repel pests and vectors.
7.3 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL:
7.3.1 The use of natural enemies of pests and vectors such as plants, parasites,
predators and pathogens;
7.3.2 The use of plant extracts is a safe and environment friendly method to be
used by skilled personnel;
7.3.3 Biological control does not usually lead to eradication.
7.4 MECHANICAL OR PHYSICAL CONTROL:
7.4.1 The use of devices, machines, barriers and other mechanized methods to control pests or alter their environment eg. traps, screens, fences, nets, radiation, electricity, etc.
7.4.2 This safe and environment friendly method is effective as long as the device is intact, but does not usually lead to eradication
7.5 CHEMICAL CONTROL:
7.5.1 The use of chemicals to destroy pests, control their activity or prevent them from causing damage.
7.5.2 Pesticides either kill or repel the pests and are therefore, the fastest ways to control pests.
7.5.3 The use of non persistent and other environment friendly chemicals shall be enforced
7.5.4 This method can effectively control pest and vector population with eventual eradication.
8.0 GUIDELINES FOR ESTABLISHING PEST AND VECTOR CONTROL OUTFIT
8.1 THE PEST AND VECTOR CONTROL OUTFIT
8.1.1 Provides services to residential homes, companies, food premises, industries, offices and agricultural farms on fee for service basis;
8.1.2 Employs the services of a professional Pest and Vector Control technician who shall be knowledgeable in all areas to provide environmentally safe and effective control services;
8.1.3 Employs the services of a trained technician/repairer to maintain all equipment;
8.1.4 Provides a designated office for attending to customers who require Pest and Vector Control services;
8.1.5 Provides a designated store for keeping equipment and chemicals. The store shall be free from hazards, fire resistant, well ventilated, well lit, and shall
be locked when not in use. The store shall have adequate shelving arrangement and the floor shall be made of impervious material;
8.1.6 Places a ―fire code‖ sign on the door of the chemical store;
8.1.7 Ensures availability of fire extinguisher nearby;
8.1.8 Ensures appropriate ventilation in the chemical storage area;
8.1.9 Makes available material safety data sheet for all chemicals stored;
8.1.10 Ensures that all chemicals are clearly labeled and handled with caution;
8.1.11 Conducts regular checks on all pesticides containers for signs of leakage, damage and deterioration of contents;
8.1.12 Ensures that the pesticide application equipment is thoroughly cleaned and made free of pesticide residue after use;
8.1.13 Ensures that equipment is well maintained and free of leaks;
8.1.14 Ensures that containers are emptied, thoroughly rinsed and rendered unusable before disposal through the municipal waste management system or incineration (if there is no restriction);
8.1.15 Makes available to the operators, appropriate and adequate quantity of personal protective equipment such as respirators, nose mask, goggles, gloves, boots, long sleeve overall coats and helmets. Soap, water and towel shall be available at all times for the use of operators;
8.1.16 Provides an appropriate vehicle for the pest control outfit. Drivers’ cabin of the vehicle must be separated from chemicals and equipment compartment;
8.1.17 Makes available materials for keeping adequate record of pesticides available, date of application, site address and pesticide used;
8.1.18 Issues appropriate certificate after each Pest and Vector Control exercise;
9.1.19 Stocks spare parts for equipment maintenance.
8.2 GUIDELINES FOR EQUIPMENT AND CHEMICALS.
8.2.1 Equipment
8.2.1.1 Original knapsack sprayer — manual sprayer mounted on human back to spray drains, stagnant water bodies and the interior of buildings;
8.2.1.2Motorised or mechanical sprayer — used on large breeding water surface of canals where it is impossible to treat manually;
8.2.1.3Swing fog machine — used to spray the exterior environment (atmosphere and garden space) of an already fumigated building. It oozes out chemical-smoke as against moisture released by knapsack or motorized sprayer. It can also be used to attack or disperse locust and quiller birds in the farm.
8.3 Chemicals
8.2.2.1Pesticides - Generic group names commonly used.
i. Pyrethroids – have faster knockdown effects and very long residual action as a surface spray. Pyrethroids have faster knockdown effects especially on flies, mosquitoes and cockroaches;
ii. Organophosphates – also called ―Ops‖ have extensively been used in Pest and Vector Control. It should be applied with caution as it is toxic to untargeted mammals and humans. Most organophosphates deteriorate rapidly and therefore pose no problem of long-term environmental contamination or effects. Some ―Ops‖ are good and can be used as larviciding agents against mosquito larva;
iii. Carbamates insecticides have a similar mode of action to the organophosphates. Generally, carbamates such as carbaryl (Sevin), propoxur (Baygon) and bedniocarb (Ficam) have even lower toxicity to mammals than most organophosphates. Carbaryl has by far the largest use owing to its low mammalian toxicity and relatively wide spectrum activity. Propoxur is populary used in the home against cockroaches.
iv. Botanicals are natural insecticides derived from plants. Botanicals include Pyrethrum, Rotenone, Ryania, and Nicotine. Pyrethrum is an oily substance extracted from certain varieties of chrystathemus plant. They are often used in combination with synergists such as pieronys butoxide. They have faster knock down effects and usually of low toxicity to mammals but quite toxic to most fish, birds, reptiles and amphibians.
v. Fumigants are gaseous pesticides whose vapours enter the pest system via inhalation. Fumigants are used in food and grain storage facilities, Ports and National borders. Food and grains must be well covered with polyethylene material if evacuation is not feasible. Fumigants are toxic to all forms of life, plants and animals. Faulty application may result into a catastrophe, killing living plants and corroding metal surfaces. It is therefore, imperative that the operators check available products literature to ensure a safe fumigation exercise;
vi. Rodenticides are poisons which kill rodents. They come in various forms such as granules, powder, cakes, etc. It is of utmost importance that the pest control operator knows and understands rodenticides and adheres strictly to label instructions when applying them. Safety considerations must be adhered to as most rodenticides are highly toxic and can be fatal if ingested in very small quantity by humans.
9.0 LICENSING OF PEST AND VECTOR CONTROL
OPERATORS
9.1 To encourage private sector participation in Pest and Vector Control for sustainability, the Local Government shall license private Pest and Vector Control Outfits. The Department shall regulate the private sector operators to ensure compliance with standards.
9.2 Recommended Criteria for Licensing Private Sector Participants:
9.2.1 To operate a private Pest and Vector Control Outfit in any LGA, the
Outfit shall:
i. Provide evidence of registration of business name.
ii. Have a qualified technician in charge; the technician must hold the relevant qualifications.
iii. State the type of Pest and Vector Control activity to be provided
iv. Pay the requisite fees.
v. Renew the license annually.
vi. Attend regularly workshops/training organized by the Local Government on Pest and Vector Control.
9.2.2 The Local Government shall:
i. Inspect the office and stores of the private sector participant to ascertain the following:
a. Adequate provision of equipment (compressed, mechanical, swing fog machines, etc).
b. Adequate storage of approved chemical and quality control. (List of approved chemicals).
c. Manpower outlay.
ii. Ensure submission of monthly reports of operations carried out to the State.
10.0 HEALTH AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS IN PESTICIDE
USE
The use of pesticides (i.e. insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, molluscicides and rodenticides) in vector control requires technical skills, equipment, considerable financial input and above all, great care and precaution in application of the various toxic organic, inorganic, natural and synthetic chemicals. Numerous cases of pesticide poisoning among Public Health field workers have been reported all over the world including Nigeria. Potential users at institutional, community and individual levels shall therefore:
10.1 Undergo training in techniques for pesticide application in their various formulations using a variety of equipment.
10.2 Pay special attention and care on PACKAGING, LABELLING, STORAGE, and DISPOSAL OF USED PESTICIDE CONTAINERS.
10.3 Destroy all empty pesticide containers using a suitable incinerator or bury in a hazardous waste disposal site.
10.4 Use appropriate personal protective equipment such as respirators, nose masks, goggles, gloves, boots, long sleeve overall coats and washable hats, while carrying out pest control operations.
10.5 Enforce observance of adequate personal hygiene through the provision of soap, water and towel at all times during operations.
10.6 Ensure that no smoking, eating or drinking is undertaken during operations.
10.7 Undertake periodic biological monitoring especially cholinesterase levels if organophosphate pesticide is frequently handled.
10.8 Ensure that all chemicals are kept out of the reach of children.
LIST OF COMMON CHEMICALS FOR USE IN DOMESTIC PEST AND VECTOR CONTROL
Name Chemical Class Active Ingredient Other names Activity Toxicity
INSECTICIDE
Diazinon
Organophosphate
Dichlovors 2,2, dichlorovinyl. O-O dimethy phosphate
Dipofene
Diazitol
Broad spectrum
Low, relatively biodegrdable, will not bio-accumulate
Karate
synthetic pyrethroid
Lambda Cyhalothrin
Broad Spectrum
Low
Cypermetrin
synthetic pyrethroid
Cynoff; Demon
Broad Spectrum
Low
Pyrinex
Organophosphorus
O.O. Diethyl,O,3,5 tricholor-2-pyridyl phosphorothiotate
Chlopyrifos
Broad Spectrum
High, also toxic to aquatic organisms
Fenthion,
Organophosphate
Phosphorothioic Acid, O,O-Dimethyl O (3-Methyl-4-
Methylthio);
Phenyl Ester
Baytex; Entex; Lebaycid
Broad Spectrum
High, Toxic to birds, Bio-accumulates in the environment
Abate
Organophosphate
Temephos
Abat, Abate, Abathion, Acibate, Biothion, Bithion, Difennthos, Ecopro, Nimitox,
Broad Spectrum
High
Name Chemical Class Active Ingredient Other names Activity Toxicity
Fluazitop (Reptile repellents)
Organophosphorus
Methidathion sp s-(2,2,dihydro 5, methoxy-2,-0 -x- 0.1,3,4 thadioxo -3-yl – methoxyl 0,0- dimethyl phosphoro dithioate
-
Broad Spectrum
High but moderate to mammals
Microcide (Odour/Bacteria Control)
2,2, dimethyl Cyclopropane Formaldehyde – Gloccol, Biodidepharm
-
Bacterial Control
Low
RODENTICIDE
Zinc Phosphide
Inorganic rodenticide
Arrex, Denkarin Grains, Gopha-Rid, Phosvin, Pollux, Ridall, Ratol, Rodenticide AG,
Zinc-Tox ZP.
Broad Spectrum
Highly toxic (Poison) to birds, aquatic animals and man. Liberates phosphine, a highly toxic gas
Brodifacoum
(Anti-coagulant)
Organobromine
(Bromylated Coumarin compound)
Ratol
Volak
Broad Spectrum
Low. Care with children and people with bleeding disorders
Name Chemical Class Active Ingredient Other names Activity Toxicity
MOLLUSCICIDES
Furadan 5 G
Basudin
Carbamate (reversible cholinesterase inhibitor.)
Carbofuran
Carbodan 48 F; Curater 4 F; Curater 47; Furadan 47 F; Furadan 48 F, Furadan 480 F; Furadan 480 g/L SC; Furadan 4 Flo
Insecticide
nemacide
Highly toxic to human and aquatic animals.
Biodegradable with low tendency to
bio-accumulate
Antidote: Atropine
HERBICIDE
Propanil-based herbicide
Acetanilide (Contact post emergence herbicide)
Selective
Urea-based herbicide
Post (pre) emergence contact herbicide
Inhibition of amino acid synthesis
Broad Spectrum
The list of insecticides for use is not exhaustive and it is intended that this list shall be reviewed from time to time. Persons handling pesticides shall take all necessary precautionary measures including the use of appropriate protective equipment anytime pesticides are handled.
LIST OF BANNED PESTICIDES
S/NO
PESTICIDES
RECOMMENDED NATIONAL IMPORT DECISIONS
1.
Heptachlor
Banned
2.
Flouroacedtamide
Banned
3.
Chlordane
Banned
4.
Mercury compounds
Banned
5.
Ethylene1.2-dibromide (EDB)
Banned
6.
Chlordimeform
Banned
7.
Dinoseb and Dinoseb salts
Banned
8.
Dichlorodiphenxyl trichloroethane (DDT)
Banned
9.
Pentachlorophenyl
Banned
10.
2,4,5-T
Banned
11.
Chlorobenizlate
Banned
12.
HCH (mixed isomers)
Banned
13.
Aldrin
Banned
14.
Dieldrin
Banned
15.
Methamidophos
Banned
16.
Methly Parathion
Banned
17.
Parathion
Banned
18.
Paraquat
Banned
19.
Lindane
Severe restriction
20.
Captafol
Severe restriction
21.
Hexachlorebanzene
Severe restriction
22.
Phosphamidon
Severe restriction
FORM E.S. 13G
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA
INSPECTION OF PEST AND VECTOR CONTROL OUTFIT
STATE--------------------------------
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA ----------------------------
WARD -------------------------------------DISTRICT--------------------------------
TOWN---------------------VILLAGE--------------- STREET----------------------------
TO ……………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………….
Your operational permit issued on the ……………………….. of ……………. 20………. to operate a Pest and Vector Control Outfit is hereby extended for the rest of the year.
Dated this ……………………… day of ………………………. 20….. at …………………
…………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………….
Chief Environmental Health Officer Head of Department
FORM E.S. 13R
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA
INSPECTION OF PEST AND VECTOR CONTROL OUTFIT
STATE--------------------------------
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA ----------------------------
WARD -------------------------------------DISTRICT--------------------------------
TOWN-------------------VILLAGE----------------- STREET-----------------------------
TO…………………………………..
………………………………………
……………………………………….
Please be informed that following the inspection of your equipment the following observations were made:
Working Conditions: Satisfactory/Not satisfactory
Safety standards: Appropriate/Not appropriate
* Please note that your continued operation shall constitute a violation of the law. You are advised to comply with the actions specified in the attached report and invite my office for another inspection on the actions taken.
Dated this ……………………………………day of …………………………..200……………..
……………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………
Chief Environmental Health Officer Head of Department
PEST AND VECTOR CONTROL
DEVELOPED BY
FEDERAL MINISTRY
ABUJA
JULY 2004
PREFACE
Pests and disease vectors constitute serious hazards to public health, food security and general welfare of the citizenry in Nigeria. It is estimated that agricultural pests destroy about 50% of crops, fruits, ornamental plants, vegetables and livestock annually. Household pests also destroy property such as furniture items, clothing, books, etc. Estimated cost of damage caused by pests runs into millions of Naira annually.
Vectors transmit several diseases of public health importance in Nigeria. Malaria which is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquitoes, is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality particularly among children less than 5 years and pregnant women. Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) transmitted by Black flies is responsible for the high incidence of blindness in most rural and remote areas of Nigeria. This disease has resulted in depopulation of many fertile farming areas thus contributing significantly to food insecurity and poverty. Lassa fever and Yellow fever transmitted by M. natalensis (rats) and Aedes mosquitoes respectively have been reported to occur in epidemic proportions in some parts of Nigeria.
Other vector borne diseases, such as Schistosomiasis, Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and Dracunculiasis (guinea worm) continue to exert heavy morbidity and mortality burden especially in rural communities of Nigeria. There is therefore, an urgent need to develop Policy Guidelines that will provide a clear focus for the control of pests and vectors in Nigeria.
The Policy Guidelines on Pest and Vector Control has thus laid out the key strategies necessary to achieve the ultimate goal of reducing the threats posed by pests and vectors to public health and the environment. It has also assigned roles to all Stakeholders and proffered various environment friendly measures for Pest and Vector Control.
Last but not the least, recommendations for establishing Pest and Vector Control Outfits, licensing of pest and vector control operators, as well as health and safety issues in pesticide use have been stated. The implementation of this Policy Guidelines will no doubt stem the disease burden and economic losses associated with pests and vectors.
Col. Bala Mande (rtd)
Honourable Minister of Environment
July 2004
1.O INTRODUCTION
1.1 The term ―pest‖ refers broadly to any organism that is troublesome, noxious or destructive. Pests include a variety of bird species, mites, ticks, nematodes, ants, wasps, bees, locusts, termites, plant and animal pathogens and parasites, nuisance wild animals (e.g. venomous snakes and elephants), rats, mice, snails, cattle, weeds etc. In Nigeria, agricultural pests destroy about half (50%) of crops annually; especially grains, ornamental plants, fruits, vegetables etc, and livestock before and after harvest. This massive destruction inevitably results in poor harvest and low income for farmers and these in turn lead to poor nutrition for the citizenry, starvation and food insecurity. Pests in households also destroy property such as furniture items, wooden parts of buildings, clothing, books, etc. Estimated cost of damage caused by agricultural and household pests runs into millions of Naira annually.
1.2 A vector is an organism (vertebrate or invertebrate) that is capable of transmitting germs from one person to another or from animal to man, in the case of zoonoses. Disease vectors of Public Health importance in Nigeria include: Anopheles, Aedes and Culex species of mosquitoes; tse-tse flies (Glossina spp.); black flies (Simulium spp.); sand flies (Phlebotomus spp.); deerflies (Chrysops spp.); the housefly (Musca domestica); cockroaches (Periplanata spp. and Blatta sp.); body, head and pubic lice (Pediculus humanus, P. capitis and Pthirus pubis); crustaceans, crabs, crayfish and cyclops; mites; ticks; freshwater snails (Bulinus and Biomphalaria spp); and rats (Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus and Mastomys natalensis).
1.3 Anopheles mosquitoes are the vectors of malaria, a life threatening parasitic disease that kills more than a million persons globally. About 90% of these deaths occur in Africa, mostly among young children. It is Africa’s leading cause of under-five mortality, accounting for an estimated 20% of the deaths in the age group. It is also responsible for 10% of the continent’s
overall disease burden and accounts for 40% of Public Health expenditure, 30-50% of in-patient admissions and about 50% of outpatients’ visits in hyper-endemic areas. In Nigeria, it accounts for about 26% of infant mortality, 30% under-five mortality and 11 % maternal mortality annually (FMOH and UNICEF, 2002). In addition, malaria has significant direct and indirect economic consequences including low productivity, school absenteeism, increased poverty level and low general economic development. Other mosquito-borne diseases of public health significance in Nigeria include Yellow Fever, Filariasis, Dengue Fever and Arboviral Infections.
1.4 Schistosomiasis is an endemic parasitic disease transmitted through active penetration of the human skin by the cercaria. This intermediate host is in the family of snails called Bulinus, which lives in slow moving and stagnant water. Infection is characterized by painless passing of blood in the urine towards the end of micturition. The infection causes fibrosis of the urinary bladder, eventually leading to secondary kidney failure if untreated. It rarely leads to anemia. School children who swim or wade through contaminated water or fetch water from contaminated pools or streams are commonly affected. In the northern most borders of Nigeria (Sokoto stretching to Borno), Schistosomiasis endemicity is over 20% of the total population (FMOH, 2002).
1.5 Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) is transmitted by the bite of infective female black flies (Simulium spp.). As the name implies, the disease causes premature blindness in sufferers in addition to a variety of disfiguring skin lesions (e.g. leopard skin). The disease vector breeds in remote, rural areas with fast-running streams and rivers. As a result of this, several areas of arable land in Nigeria have been abandoned by farmers thus creating serious economic, agricultural and social problems. Infection is widely distributed in Nigeria affecting 20 to 25 million in 32 States of the Federation including the Federal Capital Territory (FMOH, 2003).
1.6 Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm) is a water borne parasitic infection transmitted from one person to another, through the drinking of polluted water that is contaminated with infected water fleas called Cyclops. The infective larvae of the worm called Dracunculus medinesis is released from the fleas in the stomach from where it migrates and lodges itself in the body tissue, especially in the legs where it undergoes maturation. The adult female worm subsequently emerges at the skin surface forming a blister which bursts when immersed in cold water, releasing large numbers of its off springs into the water.
Guinea worm infection is still endemic in some States of Nigeria despite the gains of the Nigeria Guinea Worm Eradication Programme (NIGEP). In 2003 up to 1459 new cases were reported (FMOH, 2003). This disease has multiple adverse effects on health, education and economic activities especially in the rural areas. The social and economic effects of the disease are attributed mainly to the temporary disability suffered by infected persons. The most vulnerable are women and children who collect water at wells and ponds as well as farmers at the beginning of the rains. This interferes with planting and thus undermines food security.
1.7 Apart from these four major diseases, several other vector-borne diseases collectively exert a heavy burden in terms of morbidity, mortality, poverty and other direct and indirect social and economic costs on the citizenry.
2.0 AIM
To control pests and vectors in the environment that constitute threats to public health and property.
3.0 OBJECTIVES
3.1 To establish and strengthen Pest and Vector Control Units at the three tiers of Government.
3.2 To control pests and vectors in households, offices, food premises, industries, agricultural farms and the environment in general
3.3 To evolve sustainable Pest and Vector Control systems.
3.4 To regulate the activities of Pest and Vector Control operators.
3.5 To establish surveillance mechanisms for monitoring toxic effects of pesticides on the eco-system and public health.
3.6 To establish and strengthen surveillance mechanism for monitoring pests and vectors in the environment.
4.0 JUSTIFICATION
4.1 Annually, agricultural pests destroy up to 50% of crops especially grains, vegetables, fruits, and livestock before and after harvest. This massive destruction contributes to poverty, poor nutrition, starvation and food insecurity.
4.2 Other pests, such as venomous snakes - Echis carinatus occelatus, contribute to significant morbidity and mortality in the Niger-Benue valley of Nigeria. At the peak of the farming season, it is not uncommon to find hospital beds almost completely taken over by snakebite victims in the area.
4.3 Pests such as the multi-mammate rat transmit Lassa fever, a fatal disease that has caused several epidemic episodes in some parts of the country.
4.4 Vector-borne diseases constitute major health problems in Nigeria. Malaria remains one of the five leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children below the age of five years and pregnant women.
4.5 Other important endemic vector-borne diseases such as Schistosomiasis, Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) and other filariases; Yellow Fever, Guinea Worm and Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) have devastating social, economic and political consequences. They account for significant economic loss thus contributing considerably to poverty and underdevelopment.
4.6 The massive and widespread use and abuse of pesticides to control pests and vectors have serious consequences on the quality of the environment and public health.
4.7 Pests and vectors thus contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality and also exacerbate poverty and under-development. Therefore, evolving realistic, affordable and ecologically safe means of control will reduce the national burden of vector-borne diseases and free resources for other developmental programmes. In addition, the reduction of pests will produce greater agricultural yield, reduce poverty and promote economic growth.
5.0 STRATEGIES
5.1 Develop Policy Guidelines for sustainable Pest and Vector Control activities in line with the National Development Objectives.
5.2 Foster collaboration among key Stakeholders (Ministries of Health, Agriculture, Science and Technology, Water Resources, Academic and Research Institutions, Industries, end users, etc,) on issues of Pest and Vector Control.
5.3 Support research into environment friendly methods of Pest and Vector Control.
5.4 Sensitize and mobilize communities on the significance of pests and vectors as well as the environment friendly methods for their control.
5.5 Facilitate the establishment/strengthening of Pest and Vector Control Units in relevant Ministries, Agencies and all tiers of Government.
5.6 Foster private sector participation in Pest and Vector Control.
5.7 Establish a comprehensive inventory of pests and vectors of public health importance and their bionomics in the different ecological zones of Nigeria.
5.8 Develop Code of Practice for Operators of Pest and Vector Control outfits.
6.0 INSTITUTIONAL ROLES
6.1 The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV) shall:
6.1.1 Develop a comprehensive inventory of pests and vectors of public health importance and their bionomics in the different eco-climatic zones.
6.1.2 Develop Codes of Practice for Operators of Pest and Vector Control outfits.
6.1.3 Provide technical assistance and logistic support to States and LGAs on Pest and Vector Control.
6.1.4 Develop Information, Education and Communication (IEC) materials for Pest and Vector Control in consultation with States
6.1.5 Build capacity and ensure institutional strengthening for Pest and Vector Control.
6.1.6 Prepare in collaboration with relevant Stakeholders, Emergency Pest and Vector Control Plan of Action in case of massive pest and vector invasion.
6.1.7 Encourage private sector participation in Pest and Vector Control services
6.1.8 Conduct annual Monitoring and Evaluation of Pest and Vector Control Programmes.
6.1.9 Collaborate with relevant Ministries (Agriculture, Health, Science and Technology etc.) on research into better methods of Pest and Vector Control
6.2 Federal Ministry of Agriculture shall:
6.2.1 Collaborate with Federal Ministry of Environment in the development of Codes of Practice and IEC materials for Pest and Vector Control operators.
6.2.2 Collaborate with Federal Ministry of Environment in the continuous review of the Policy guidelines on Pest and Vector control.
6.3 The Federal Ministry of Health shall:
i. Collaborate with the Federal Ministry of Environment to develop a comprehensive inventory of pests and vectors of public health importance
6.4 The Federal Ministry of Science and Technology shall:
i. Collaborate with the Federal Ministry of Environment to undertake research, foster the development and dissemination of new and better methods for pest control.
6.5 The State Ministries of Environment shall:
6.5.1 Support and ensure the implementation of the Policy Guidelines on Pest and Vector Control
6.5.2 Generate data on Pest and Vector Control activities in the State.
6.5.3 Supervise and coordinate Pest and Vector Control programmes at the Local Government level.
6.5.4 Provide technical support to LGAs.
6.5.5 Carry out advocacy at the State level.
6.5.6 Conduct periodic monitoring and evaluation at the Local Government levels
6.5.7 Adapt in collaboration with Stakeholders, the Emergency Pest and Vector Control Plan of Action for the State.
6.5.8 Build capacity of Pest and Vector Control personnel.
6.5.9 Sensitize and mobilize communities using Information, education and Communication (lEC) materials.
6.5.10 Encourage private sector participation in Pest and Vector Control services
6.5.11 Prepare quarterly report on Pest and Vector Control activities and send to the Federal Ministry of Environment
6.6 State Ministry of Agriculture shall:
6.6.1 Collaborate with State Ministry of Environment and other relevant Stakeholders in dissemination of IEC materials to the communities.
6.6.2 Support Federal Ministry of Environment in generating data on Pest and Vector Control activities in the State.
6.7 The Local Governments shall:
6.7.1 Carry out routine Pest and Vector Control activities in the communities.
6.7.2 Ensure private sector participation in Pest and Vector Control activities.
6.7.3 Sensitize and mobilize communities using lEC materials.
6.7.4 Make annual budgetary provisions for Pest and Vector Control activities
6.7.5 Monitor the activities of Pest and Vector Control Operators and ensure
compliance with the guidelines and codes of practice
6.7.6 Supervise and coordinate Pest and Vector Control activities at community
level.
6.7.7 Render monthly reports on Pest and Vector Control activities and forward
to State
11
6.8 Private Sector shall:
6.8.1 Comply with the provisions of the National Policy Guidelines on Pest and Vector Control.
6.8.2 Comply with the Codes of Practice for Operators of Pest and Vector Control outfits.
6.8.3 Participate in Pest and Vector Control Services on cost recovery basis.
6.8.4 Engage in partnership with Local Governments for better service delivery.
6.8.5 Undertake and support research, specialized studies and product development in Pest and Vector Control.
6.8.6 Promote public enlightenment campaigns.
6.9 Civil Society Organisations shall:
6.9.1 Undertake grassroots mobilization to participate in Pest and Vector Control
6.9.2 Promote Pest and Vector Control at household level.
6.9.3 Promote public enlightenment campaigns on appropriate strategies for Pest and Vector Control.
6.10 The Public shall:
6.10.1 Adopt environment friendly habits and practices.
6.10.2 Comply with existing laws and regulations on Pest and Vector Control.
6.10.3 Comply with the provisions of this Policy Guidelines
6.10.4 Cooperate with other Stakeholders to ensure sustainable Pest and Vector Control.
6.10.5 Pay the requisite fees for Pest and Vector Control services to ensure sustainability.
7.0 PEST AND VECTOR CONTROL MEASURES
The control measures for pests and vectors include:
7.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANLINESS:
7.1.1 The elimination of breeding sites or hide outs eg. clearing of drains, canals, etc.
7.1.2 Removing their sources of food eg. prompt clean up after cooking, regular garbage pickup, etc
7.1.3 Environmental cleanliness is very effective for controlling pests and vectors and can lead to eradication, which can be sustained through health education and community sensitization.
7.2 TRADITIONAL METHODS:
7.1 Time tested and effective cultural and traditional methods of Pest and Vector Control eg. use of certain plants or the rearing of certain animals that repel pests and vectors.
7.3 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL:
7.3.1 The use of natural enemies of pests and vectors such as plants, parasites,
predators and pathogens;
7.3.2 The use of plant extracts is a safe and environment friendly method to be
used by skilled personnel;
7.3.3 Biological control does not usually lead to eradication.
7.4 MECHANICAL OR PHYSICAL CONTROL:
7.4.1 The use of devices, machines, barriers and other mechanized methods to control pests or alter their environment eg. traps, screens, fences, nets, radiation, electricity, etc.
7.4.2 This safe and environment friendly method is effective as long as the device is intact, but does not usually lead to eradication
7.5 CHEMICAL CONTROL:
7.5.1 The use of chemicals to destroy pests, control their activity or prevent them from causing damage.
7.5.2 Pesticides either kill or repel the pests and are therefore, the fastest ways to control pests.
7.5.3 The use of non persistent and other environment friendly chemicals shall be enforced
7.5.4 This method can effectively control pest and vector population with eventual eradication.
8.0 GUIDELINES FOR ESTABLISHING PEST AND VECTOR CONTROL OUTFIT
8.1 THE PEST AND VECTOR CONTROL OUTFIT
8.1.1 Provides services to residential homes, companies, food premises, industries, offices and agricultural farms on fee for service basis;
8.1.2 Employs the services of a professional Pest and Vector Control technician who shall be knowledgeable in all areas to provide environmentally safe and effective control services;
8.1.3 Employs the services of a trained technician/repairer to maintain all equipment;
8.1.4 Provides a designated office for attending to customers who require Pest and Vector Control services;
8.1.5 Provides a designated store for keeping equipment and chemicals. The store shall be free from hazards, fire resistant, well ventilated, well lit, and shall
be locked when not in use. The store shall have adequate shelving arrangement and the floor shall be made of impervious material;
8.1.6 Places a ―fire code‖ sign on the door of the chemical store;
8.1.7 Ensures availability of fire extinguisher nearby;
8.1.8 Ensures appropriate ventilation in the chemical storage area;
8.1.9 Makes available material safety data sheet for all chemicals stored;
8.1.10 Ensures that all chemicals are clearly labeled and handled with caution;
8.1.11 Conducts regular checks on all pesticides containers for signs of leakage, damage and deterioration of contents;
8.1.12 Ensures that the pesticide application equipment is thoroughly cleaned and made free of pesticide residue after use;
8.1.13 Ensures that equipment is well maintained and free of leaks;
8.1.14 Ensures that containers are emptied, thoroughly rinsed and rendered unusable before disposal through the municipal waste management system or incineration (if there is no restriction);
8.1.15 Makes available to the operators, appropriate and adequate quantity of personal protective equipment such as respirators, nose mask, goggles, gloves, boots, long sleeve overall coats and helmets. Soap, water and towel shall be available at all times for the use of operators;
8.1.16 Provides an appropriate vehicle for the pest control outfit. Drivers’ cabin of the vehicle must be separated from chemicals and equipment compartment;
8.1.17 Makes available materials for keeping adequate record of pesticides available, date of application, site address and pesticide used;
8.1.18 Issues appropriate certificate after each Pest and Vector Control exercise;
9.1.19 Stocks spare parts for equipment maintenance.
8.2 GUIDELINES FOR EQUIPMENT AND CHEMICALS.
8.2.1 Equipment
8.2.1.1 Original knapsack sprayer — manual sprayer mounted on human back to spray drains, stagnant water bodies and the interior of buildings;
8.2.1.2Motorised or mechanical sprayer — used on large breeding water surface of canals where it is impossible to treat manually;
8.2.1.3Swing fog machine — used to spray the exterior environment (atmosphere and garden space) of an already fumigated building. It oozes out chemical-smoke as against moisture released by knapsack or motorized sprayer. It can also be used to attack or disperse locust and quiller birds in the farm.
8.3 Chemicals
8.2.2.1Pesticides - Generic group names commonly used.
i. Pyrethroids – have faster knockdown effects and very long residual action as a surface spray. Pyrethroids have faster knockdown effects especially on flies, mosquitoes and cockroaches;
ii. Organophosphates – also called ―Ops‖ have extensively been used in Pest and Vector Control. It should be applied with caution as it is toxic to untargeted mammals and humans. Most organophosphates deteriorate rapidly and therefore pose no problem of long-term environmental contamination or effects. Some ―Ops‖ are good and can be used as larviciding agents against mosquito larva;
iii. Carbamates insecticides have a similar mode of action to the organophosphates. Generally, carbamates such as carbaryl (Sevin), propoxur (Baygon) and bedniocarb (Ficam) have even lower toxicity to mammals than most organophosphates. Carbaryl has by far the largest use owing to its low mammalian toxicity and relatively wide spectrum activity. Propoxur is populary used in the home against cockroaches.
iv. Botanicals are natural insecticides derived from plants. Botanicals include Pyrethrum, Rotenone, Ryania, and Nicotine. Pyrethrum is an oily substance extracted from certain varieties of chrystathemus plant. They are often used in combination with synergists such as pieronys butoxide. They have faster knock down effects and usually of low toxicity to mammals but quite toxic to most fish, birds, reptiles and amphibians.
v. Fumigants are gaseous pesticides whose vapours enter the pest system via inhalation. Fumigants are used in food and grain storage facilities, Ports and National borders. Food and grains must be well covered with polyethylene material if evacuation is not feasible. Fumigants are toxic to all forms of life, plants and animals. Faulty application may result into a catastrophe, killing living plants and corroding metal surfaces. It is therefore, imperative that the operators check available products literature to ensure a safe fumigation exercise;
vi. Rodenticides are poisons which kill rodents. They come in various forms such as granules, powder, cakes, etc. It is of utmost importance that the pest control operator knows and understands rodenticides and adheres strictly to label instructions when applying them. Safety considerations must be adhered to as most rodenticides are highly toxic and can be fatal if ingested in very small quantity by humans.
9.0 LICENSING OF PEST AND VECTOR CONTROL
OPERATORS
9.1 To encourage private sector participation in Pest and Vector Control for sustainability, the Local Government shall license private Pest and Vector Control Outfits. The Department shall regulate the private sector operators to ensure compliance with standards.
9.2 Recommended Criteria for Licensing Private Sector Participants:
9.2.1 To operate a private Pest and Vector Control Outfit in any LGA, the
Outfit shall:
i. Provide evidence of registration of business name.
ii. Have a qualified technician in charge; the technician must hold the relevant qualifications.
iii. State the type of Pest and Vector Control activity to be provided
iv. Pay the requisite fees.
v. Renew the license annually.
vi. Attend regularly workshops/training organized by the Local Government on Pest and Vector Control.
9.2.2 The Local Government shall:
i. Inspect the office and stores of the private sector participant to ascertain the following:
a. Adequate provision of equipment (compressed, mechanical, swing fog machines, etc).
b. Adequate storage of approved chemical and quality control. (List of approved chemicals).
c. Manpower outlay.
ii. Ensure submission of monthly reports of operations carried out to the State.
10.0 HEALTH AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS IN PESTICIDE
USE
The use of pesticides (i.e. insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, molluscicides and rodenticides) in vector control requires technical skills, equipment, considerable financial input and above all, great care and precaution in application of the various toxic organic, inorganic, natural and synthetic chemicals. Numerous cases of pesticide poisoning among Public Health field workers have been reported all over the world including Nigeria. Potential users at institutional, community and individual levels shall therefore:
10.1 Undergo training in techniques for pesticide application in their various formulations using a variety of equipment.
10.2 Pay special attention and care on PACKAGING, LABELLING, STORAGE, and DISPOSAL OF USED PESTICIDE CONTAINERS.
10.3 Destroy all empty pesticide containers using a suitable incinerator or bury in a hazardous waste disposal site.
10.4 Use appropriate personal protective equipment such as respirators, nose masks, goggles, gloves, boots, long sleeve overall coats and washable hats, while carrying out pest control operations.
10.5 Enforce observance of adequate personal hygiene through the provision of soap, water and towel at all times during operations.
10.6 Ensure that no smoking, eating or drinking is undertaken during operations.
10.7 Undertake periodic biological monitoring especially cholinesterase levels if organophosphate pesticide is frequently handled.
10.8 Ensure that all chemicals are kept out of the reach of children.
LIST OF COMMON CHEMICALS FOR USE IN DOMESTIC PEST AND VECTOR CONTROL
Name Chemical Class Active Ingredient Other names Activity Toxicity
INSECTICIDE
Diazinon
Organophosphate
Dichlovors 2,2, dichlorovinyl. O-O dimethy phosphate
Dipofene
Diazitol
Broad spectrum
Low, relatively biodegrdable, will not bio-accumulate
Karate
synthetic pyrethroid
Lambda Cyhalothrin
Broad Spectrum
Low
Cypermetrin
synthetic pyrethroid
Cynoff; Demon
Broad Spectrum
Low
Pyrinex
Organophosphorus
O.O. Diethyl,O,3,5 tricholor-2-pyridyl phosphorothiotate
Chlopyrifos
Broad Spectrum
High, also toxic to aquatic organisms
Fenthion,
Organophosphate
Phosphorothioic Acid, O,O-Dimethyl O (3-Methyl-4-
Methylthio);
Phenyl Ester
Baytex; Entex; Lebaycid
Broad Spectrum
High, Toxic to birds, Bio-accumulates in the environment
Abate
Organophosphate
Temephos
Abat, Abate, Abathion, Acibate, Biothion, Bithion, Difennthos, Ecopro, Nimitox,
Broad Spectrum
High
Name Chemical Class Active Ingredient Other names Activity Toxicity
Fluazitop (Reptile repellents)
Organophosphorus
Methidathion sp s-(2,2,dihydro 5, methoxy-2,-0 -x- 0.1,3,4 thadioxo -3-yl – methoxyl 0,0- dimethyl phosphoro dithioate
-
Broad Spectrum
High but moderate to mammals
Microcide (Odour/Bacteria Control)
2,2, dimethyl Cyclopropane Formaldehyde – Gloccol, Biodidepharm
-
Bacterial Control
Low
RODENTICIDE
Zinc Phosphide
Inorganic rodenticide
Arrex, Denkarin Grains, Gopha-Rid, Phosvin, Pollux, Ridall, Ratol, Rodenticide AG,
Zinc-Tox ZP.
Broad Spectrum
Highly toxic (Poison) to birds, aquatic animals and man. Liberates phosphine, a highly toxic gas
Brodifacoum
(Anti-coagulant)
Organobromine
(Bromylated Coumarin compound)
Ratol
Volak
Broad Spectrum
Low. Care with children and people with bleeding disorders
Name Chemical Class Active Ingredient Other names Activity Toxicity
MOLLUSCICIDES
Furadan 5 G
Basudin
Carbamate (reversible cholinesterase inhibitor.)
Carbofuran
Carbodan 48 F; Curater 4 F; Curater 47; Furadan 47 F; Furadan 48 F, Furadan 480 F; Furadan 480 g/L SC; Furadan 4 Flo
Insecticide
nemacide
Highly toxic to human and aquatic animals.
Biodegradable with low tendency to
bio-accumulate
Antidote: Atropine
HERBICIDE
Propanil-based herbicide
Acetanilide (Contact post emergence herbicide)
Selective
Urea-based herbicide
Post (pre) emergence contact herbicide
Inhibition of amino acid synthesis
Broad Spectrum
The list of insecticides for use is not exhaustive and it is intended that this list shall be reviewed from time to time. Persons handling pesticides shall take all necessary precautionary measures including the use of appropriate protective equipment anytime pesticides are handled.
LIST OF BANNED PESTICIDES
S/NO
PESTICIDES
RECOMMENDED NATIONAL IMPORT DECISIONS
1.
Heptachlor
Banned
2.
Flouroacedtamide
Banned
3.
Chlordane
Banned
4.
Mercury compounds
Banned
5.
Ethylene1.2-dibromide (EDB)
Banned
6.
Chlordimeform
Banned
7.
Dinoseb and Dinoseb salts
Banned
8.
Dichlorodiphenxyl trichloroethane (DDT)
Banned
9.
Pentachlorophenyl
Banned
10.
2,4,5-T
Banned
11.
Chlorobenizlate
Banned
12.
HCH (mixed isomers)
Banned
13.
Aldrin
Banned
14.
Dieldrin
Banned
15.
Methamidophos
Banned
16.
Methly Parathion
Banned
17.
Parathion
Banned
18.
Paraquat
Banned
19.
Lindane
Severe restriction
20.
Captafol
Severe restriction
21.
Hexachlorebanzene
Severe restriction
22.
Phosphamidon
Severe restriction
FORM E.S. 13G
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA
INSPECTION OF PEST AND VECTOR CONTROL OUTFIT
STATE--------------------------------
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA ----------------------------
WARD -------------------------------------DISTRICT--------------------------------
TOWN---------------------VILLAGE--------------- STREET----------------------------
TO ……………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………….
Your operational permit issued on the ……………………….. of ……………. 20………. to operate a Pest and Vector Control Outfit is hereby extended for the rest of the year.
Dated this ……………………… day of ………………………. 20….. at …………………
…………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………….
Chief Environmental Health Officer Head of Department
FORM E.S. 13R
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA
INSPECTION OF PEST AND VECTOR CONTROL OUTFIT
STATE--------------------------------
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA ----------------------------
WARD -------------------------------------DISTRICT--------------------------------
TOWN-------------------VILLAGE----------------- STREET-----------------------------
TO…………………………………..
………………………………………
……………………………………….
Please be informed that following the inspection of your equipment the following observations were made:
Working Conditions: Satisfactory/Not satisfactory
Safety standards: Appropriate/Not appropriate
* Please note that your continued operation shall constitute a violation of the law. You are advised to comply with the actions specified in the attached report and invite my office for another inspection on the actions taken.
Dated this ……………………………………day of …………………………..200……………..
……………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………
Chief Environmental Health Officer Head of Department
I am an environmental public health practitioner. Obtained first degree in public health [environmental health and safety] from Federal University of Technology, Owerri.
POLICY GUIDELINE ON SCHOOL SANITATION 2005
POLICY GUIDELINES ON
SCHOOL SANITATION
DEVELOPED BY
FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT
ABUJA
JULY 2005
PREFACE
The school environment is an integral part of the social component of the school child’s entire environment and has an important role to play in the overall development status of the child. Most childhood illnesses like measles, malaria, diarrhoeal diseases, malnutrition, etc are directly linked to filthy environmental conditions. Prevalence of injuries and accidents in children are also linked to hazardous conditions in the school environment. A healthy conducive school environment promotes learning and academic excellence by preventing school absenteeism due to illnesses and thus helps the school child to benefit maximally from educational programmes.
Environmental Sanitation in schools is generally poor as most schools lack potable water and adequate waste disposal facilities. Most schools are poorly lit, overcrowded without proper ventilation and are sited in areas that are noisy and hazardous due to road and human traffic. School buildings especially the public ones are often dilapidated, mouldy, and are usually in unkempt environment overgrown with weeds. Many food vendors who provide meals and snacks for school children are often unregistered and without proper medical certificate of fitness and the meals and snacks they provide may also be unwholesome.
Attempts by various Governments to improve Environmental Sanitation in schools have been piecemeal and unfocussed due to non-existence of a National Policy Guidelines on School Sanitation. The Policy Guidelines is therefore, developed to serve the needed impetus for a focused and coordinated implementation of School Environmental Sanitation Programmes. It has put into perspectives all modalities aimed at providing an optimally clean, safe and sanitary environment by promoting sanitary school conditions as well as sound practices among staff and students towards Environmental Sanitation. This will safeguard the health of the school child and all other staff who work in the school environment. Moreover, the early introduction of sanitary conditions and habits to school children would encourage them to imbibe the healthy culture of both personal and environmental cleanliness that will see them through adult lives.
The Policy Guidelines will also encourage compliance with stipulated standards on School Sanitation through the routine and regular assessment of the school sanitary facilities, school meals, food vendors and other environmental conditions within and around schools.
It is therefore hoped that the proper implementation of the Policy Guidelines on School Sanitation shall put an end to all the attending problems and ensure the development of future leaders with a culture of sound sustainable Environmental Sanitation.
Col. Bala Mande (rtd.)
Honourable Minister of Environment
July 2004
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Environment is the aggregate of all external conditions and influences, which affect the life and development of an individual. Next to the home, the school environment is the most influential factor on a child’s development. Children are most vulnerable to environmental pollution and hazards because exposures, which may be relatively harmless to adults, can be potentially devastating to them. Major causes of childhood morbidity and mortality e.g. malaria, measles, malnutrition, diarrhoeal diseases and respiratory infections; all have direct link to the environment.
1.2 Accidents are a leading cause of death and injury in the school-age group. Schools provide a concentration of very active people, all carrying out a wide-range of activities. Many of these activities, together with the life characteristics of this age group, are conducive to accidental injuries. It is, therefore, important to be continually aware of, and ensure good safety and accident control practices in schools.
1.3 School Sanitation comprises those activities carried out in schools to protect the pupils and staff from the adverse effect of insanitary and unsafe school environment. Insanitary school environment exposes the child to physical, biological and psychosocial hazards. A conducive environment, devoid of accidents and communicable diseases is required to promote learning in schools.
2.0 AIM
To provide an optimal sanitary environment which is safe and conducive for physical, mental and emotional health of the school community in order for the child to achieve maximum benefits from educational programmes.
3.0 OBJECTIVES
3.1 To promote conditions at schools as well as the practices of school staff and children that shall prevent sanitation related diseases.
3.2 To bring about positive changes in hygiene behaviour of school children and through these children, in the community at large.
3.3 To protect school children from insanitary surroundings and hazards.
3.4 To encourage the provision of sanitary facilities in schools.
3.5 To encourage provision of safe recreational facilities in schools.
3.6. To encourage compliance with stipulated sanitary standards for schools.
4.0 JUSTIFICATION
4.1 The teacher is usually the most influential person in the school system to shape the development of the child, but it is the total environment, which establishes conditions, conducive or detrimental, to this development. After the family, schools are the most important learning environment for children in stimulating or initiating a behavioural pattern. Maintaining a healthful school environment will therefore, help students recognize healthful living as desirable and necessary throughout their lives. For optimum learning, students also need an environment that satisfies their physical and mental needs.
4.2 Generally, many schools in Nigeria are without access to potable water, adequate sanitation, safe recreational facilities and school meal services. Introduction of sound sanitary habits and safe practices to the children early in life makes them imbibe the culture of cleanliness and safety. Children are future parents and what they learn is likely to be applied in the rest of their lives. This ensures the sustainability of sound sanitation practices. School Sanitation therefore provides the practical example of healthy living.
4.3 This National Policy Guidelines on School Sanitation is therefore to provide the mechanisms for regular environmental sanitation assessment in schools, so as to ensure the upgrading and maintenance of optimum environmental sanitation standards.
5.0 ELEMENTS OF SCHOOL SANITATION
5.1 SITE:
5.1.1 The School shall be located in reasonably level and well-drained ground
5.1.2 The School shall be sited in a safe area away from noise sources such as factories, markets, airports, major highways, public motor parks, etc.
5.1.3 The School shall have a walled fence with gates for security
5.2 SIZE
5.2.1 The School shall be large enough and proportionate to the number of children in the school (approximately 1 hectare of land for about 500 pupils).
5.3.1 There shall be a playground proportionate to the school population.
The playground shall be kept tidy to avoid accidents, injuries and bites from
reptiles
5.3.2 The playground shall be free of visual barriers that would obstruct supervision.
5.3.4 There shall be adequate recreational facilities e.g. football and basketball fields, etc.
5.3.5 The recreational equipment shall be properly installed and at a minimum distance of 2.5 metres away from fences, buildings, walls, walkways, tree branches and other obstructions.
5.3.6 The fall zones (area under and around the equipment where protective surfacing is needed) shall extend by about 2.0meters in all directions from the perimeter of the equipment. Fall zones to the front and rear of swings shall extend a distance of two (2) times the height of the pivot point.
5.3.7 The recreational equipment shall be properly maintained and the regular maintenance programme documented.
5.4 BUILDING
5.4.1 Design:
i. The architectural design shall be pupil friendly and not pose any risk to staff and pupil.
ii. Materials used for the building shall be of adequate standard, durable, fire-resistant and pose no health danger.
5.4.2 Occupancy:
i. Classrooms shall have a maximum of 36 pupils with 6 rows and 6 columns in a standard room not less than 19.4m2.
ii. Classrooms shall be well lit.
iii. Classrooms shall be well ventilated to prevent mouldy conditions and promote high indoor air quality.
iv. Classrooms shall maintain at least two (2) meters distance between the teacher and the first row.
5.5 SANITARY FACILITIES
5.5.1 Water Supply:
i. There shall be adequate supply of safe water for drinking, washing, cleaning and flushing of toilets.
ii. The School, where possible, shall provide and maintain individual boreholes to ensure constant supply of water.
iii. There shall be adequate wash hand basins with soap and clean towels in strategic places within school premises.
5.5.2 Refuse:
i. There shall be provided refuse containers that are covered, rust resistant, water and rodent proof.
ii. The containers shall be adequate in capacity and in sufficient numbers to hold all refuse that accumulate between collections.
iii. The refuse containers kept within the school premises shall be placed on a smooth surface (concrete or asphalt), which is graded to prevent pooling of water.
iv. The refuse shall be properly disposed using an appropriate sanitary method.
5.5.3 Toilet/Bath Facilities:
i. There shall be separate sanitary conveniences for boys and girls, male and female staff.
ii. The School shall have water closet toilets or ventilated improved pit latrines
iii. There shall be at least a toilet for every 30 pupils.
iv. The School shall provide fitted urinals for boys.
v. The School shall provide adequate and separate washrooms for males and females especially in boarding schools.
5.5.4 Waste Water Management:
i. There shall be adequate and functional drainage of wastewater, storm water and surface run-offs.
ii. The storm water and surface run-offs may be collected for reuse.
5.5.5 Food Sanitation:
i. As school meals service is a practical way of supplementing the child’s diet, the service shall be well regulated to ensure high standard of food sanitation.
ii. School food vendors shall be registered and monitored
iii. The nutritional value of the foods served by food vendors shall be reviewed periodically to ensure standard caloric values and nutrient content of the foods.
iv. Examination of food handlers in the school meal services shall be carried out to avoid food poisoning and the spread of food borne diseases. This examination shall consist of pre-employment, periodic and post-illness medical examinations.
6.0 HYGIENE EDUCATION
6.1 School sanitation will be unsuccessful without a sustained hygiene education, which aims at making children value health as a desirable asset.
6.2 Content of hygiene education:
6.2.1 Personal hygiene:
i. Hand washing with soap before preparing or handling food
ii. Hand washing with soap after toileting
iii. Hand washing with soap after changing baby’s napkins
iv. Regular bathing
v. Clean finger nails and tidy hair
vi. Cleanliness of uniforms, under wears, socks (no tattered or worn-out clothes)
vii. Cleanliness of School food vendors
viii. Hygiene education of food handlers at the school kitchen on sanitary habits and the need to safe guard food from contaminants.
6.2.2 Environmental Hygiene:
i. Cleanliness of the school environment including the toilets.
ii. Cleanliness of the school kitchen and areas where food are stored.
iii. Ensure that food and drinking water are kept covered and away from
contaminants
iv. Ensure use of sanitary dustbins for refuse collection and storage in and around the classrooms and hostels
v. Ensure timely disposal of refuse to final disposal site
vi. Ensure proper sewage management
vii. Ensure proper storm and waste water drainage
viii. Adequate control of reared animals at staff residential areas within the school premises
6.3 Methods of hygiene education:
6.3.1 Person to person contact on an individual basis.
i. Between the teacher and student to correct specific unhealthy hygiene behaviour.
6.3.2 Group hygiene education.
i. In the classroom during formal teaching sessions on hygiene behaviour (Subject lessons in Elementary/Health Science, etc), and other fora;
ii. At seminars, conferences, workshops, etc, targeted at school teachers;
iii. At seminars, conferences, workshops, etc, targeted at parents/guardians of the students.
6.4 Channels/instruments of communication:
6.4.1 Mass media e.g. radio, television, newspaper. These can reach many people at the same time and provide continued reminders and reinforcements
6.4.2 Use of posters, leaflets and pamphlets. They contain words or pictures, which carry messages placed in strategic positions where people will see them as they pass by.
6.4.3 Use of displays e.g. billboards, flipcharts, flannel graphs, photographs, films, movies and plays. Others include drama presentations, projected materials, publications, artwork and demonstrations.
6.4.4 Traditional media, which include role-play, story telling and folk tales, songs, town criers etc
7.0 STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTING SCHOOL SANITATION
7.1 Advocate for routine sanitary inspection of schools.
7.2 Revise and update school curricula to include sanitation and hygiene education.
7.3 Orientate all teachers and students on the significance of sound School Sanitation and hygiene education.
7.4 Educate school food vendors on sound hygiene behaviour.
7.5 Examine and medically certify school food vendors/handlers routinely.
7.6 Establish Environmental Sanitation Committees made up of all Stakeholders (pupils/students, parents, teachers, Government representatives), which shall meet regularly to develop activities aimed at promoting sound School Sanitation. This Committee shall also implement, monitor, evaluate and make the necessary adjustments for positive changes.
7.7 Organise school competitions and reward winners
7.8 Develop appropriate IEC materials on sound School Sanitation.
11
7.9 Foster the establishment of Environmental Sanitation clubs in schools.
8.0 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT
8.1 Federal Ministry of Environment shall:
8.1.1 Develop, periodically review and update the Policy Guidelines on School Sanitation.
8.1.2 Print and distribute take off Policy Guidelines and inspection forms.
8.1.3 Support research into School Sanitation and hygiene education matters.
8.1.4 Encourage States and LGAs to ensure compliance with Policy Guidelines on School Sanitation.
8.1.5 Support provision of IEC materials for schools.
8.1.6 Coordinate School Sanitation inspection returns from the States.
8.1.7 Collaborate with other relevant agencies and international organisations.
8.2 Federal Ministry of Education shall:
8.2.1 Ensure that all schools comply with extant minimum standards on
environmental sanitation
8.2.2 Collaborate with Federal Ministry of Environment to periodically review
school hygiene curriculum to include sanitation and hygiene education.
8.3 State Government shall:
8.3.1 Implement the Policy Guidelines on School Sanitation
8.3.2 Enact relevant laws to enforce compliance with provisions of the Policy
Guidelines.
8.3.3 Monitor LGAs to ensure compliance with the provisions of the Policy Guidelines.
8.3.4 Produce IEC materials for schools.
8.3.5 Monitor the implementation of School Sanitation programmes.
8.3.6 Assess School Sanitation and hygiene education regularly.
8.3.7 Coordinate returns of School Sanitation inspection forms from LGAs.
8.3.8 Render quarterly reports of School Sanitation Programmes to the Federal Ministry of Environment.
8.4 Local Government shall:
8.4.1 Implement the Policy Guidelines on School Sanitation.
8.4.2 Enact and enforce relevant Bye-laws concerned with School Sanitation and hygiene education.
8.4.3 Print and distribute IEC materials to schools.
8.4.4 Print and distribute School Sanitation Inspection forms.
8.4.5 Inspect all schools regularly at least once every term.
8.4.6 Screen and certify school food vendors/handlers
8.4.7 Render monthly report of School Sanitation inspection to the State.
8.4.8 Collaborate with CBOs and PTAs on School Sanitation activities.
8.5 School authorities shall:
8.5.1 Ensure that the school curriculum on hygiene education is well covered with appropriate teaching aids and illustrations
8.5.2 Ensure the provision of adequate and functional sanitary facilities in schools.
8.5.3 Educate students on the proper use of sanitary facilities
8.5.4 Ensure regular maintenance of sanitary facilities.
8.5.5 Ensure that all school food vendors/handlers have current Food Handlers’ Certificates
8.5.6 Ensure the control of reared animals within the school premises
8.5.7 Coordinate the activities of the Environmental Sanitation Committee of the school
8.5.8 Encourage the formation of functional Environmental Sanitation Clubs in Schools
8.5.9 Organise interclass/interhouse competitions on Environmental Sanitation.
8.5.10 Cooperate with the LGA inspectors on school inspection rounds
8.5.11 Organise continuous training and orientation of staff and students on hygiene education.
8.5.12 Undertake self-help projects e.g. planting of trees and flowers for improvement of the aesthetics of the entire school compound.
8.6 Parents Teachers Association (PTA) shall:
8.6.1 Support schools through the conduct of fund raising programmes to promote Environmental Sanitation activities.
8.6.2 Provide logistic support for new sanitation facilities.
8.6.3 Support maintenance of new and existing sanitation facilities.
8.6.4 Support schools through provision of trophies for Sanitation Competitions
8.7 School Children shall:
8.7.1 Ensure general cleanliness of the school premises.
8.7.2 Maintain high degree of personal hygiene.
8.7.3 Ensure proper use of sanitary facilities.
8.7.4 Endeavour to imbibe and put to practice sound sanitation habits at school and homes.
9.0 INTERSECTORAL COLLABORATION
Various units, departments and ministries at all tiers of Government shall collaborate in the implementation of all aspects of School Sanitation and hygiene education. The formation of functional Environmental Sanitation clubs shall be encouraed. The following ministries/Agencies/NGOs shall thus be actively involved:
1. Ministry of Environment
2. State Sanitation Agency
3. Ministry of Health
4. Ministry of Education
5. Ministry of Water resources
6. Ministry of Housing and Urban development
7. Ministry of Information and National Orientation
8. Ministry of Works
9. Ministry of Women Affairs
10. Ministry of Intergovernmental Affairs (Youth Development)
11. Ministry of Sports
12. CSOs
10.0 PROCEDURE FOR ROUTINE SCHOOL INSPECTION
10.1 On visiting a school, the first thing an Environmental Health Officer does is to introduce himself and present his identity card to the Head Teacher or Principal of the school informing him about his mission. After the introduction, he shall request to be accompanied for the inspection.
10.2 Using the School Sanitation Inspection Forms, all deficiencies and hazards found in the school or on the school property are noted. At the conclusion of the inspection, the findings and recommendations are discussed with the staff.
10.3 The procedure for school inspection is systematic, beginning as follows:
10.3.1 EXTERNAL INSPECTION
The Environmental Health Officer shall examine the general Environmental Sanitation of the premises and check for:
i. Area large enough for students’ population as stipulated in section 5.
ii. Over-grown weeds, which may habour reptiles, rats and other vermin of public health importance.
iii. Tall trees, which may be prejudicial to the health of the students.
iv. Derelict and disused materials like vehicles, tyres, damaged furniture, etc capable of habouring rodents, reptiles and other vermin in or around the premises including adjourning streets.
v. Stagnant water and other water bearing plants or receptacles capable of providing breeding sites for mosquitoes.
vi. Dangerous excavations within the premises, including defective septic tanks.
vii. Playground kept tidy and free of visual barriers
viii. Recreational equipment properly installed and maintained with adequate fall zones.
ix. Availability of the maintenance records of recreational equipment with updated entries.
x. Well maintained wall fence with security gates
10.3.2 INTERNAL INSPECTION OF SCHOOL BUILDING
i) THE FLOOR:
Check for:
i. Cleanliness of the floor and look out for broken or cracked floor.
ii. Evidence of rat infestation (rat holes, runs or droppings).
iii. Evidence of dampness.
ii) WALLS:
Check for:
i. Dilapidated walls.
ii. Cracks, liable to habour vermin
iii. Evidence of dampness on the walls
iv. Overhanging cobwebs.
iii) ROOF AND CEILING:
Check for:
i. Evidence of leaking roof
ii. Cleanliness and presence of cobwebs.
iii. Sagging of the ceiling.
iv) PASSAGES AND STAIRWAYS:
Check for:
i. Objects that are likely to obstruct free movement along passages and stairways.
ii. Adequacy of passages and stairways for emergency evacuation.
iii. Lighting of stairways and passages
iv. Adequacy of the width of stairways and state of repair of handrails
(Stairways shall have a width greater than 1.12 meters and be provided with handrails on both sides).
v. State of repair of stairway steps.
v) CLASSROOMS:
Check for:
i. Evidence of overcrowding. There shall be a maximum 36 pupils in a standard room of not less than 19.4 square metres.
ii. Adequate ventilation. Look for objects kept in the classrooms in such a manner as to obstruct the free flow of fresh air.
iii. Adequate lighting
iv. Evidence of two (2) doors in each classroom
v. Evidence of moulds, cracks on walls and floors.
vi) TOILET ACCOMMODATION:
Check for:
i. Adequacy for students’ population and sex composition.
ii. Evidence of crack on walls and floors.
iii. Adequacy of ventilation
iv Evidence of rat runs and pest infestation
v. Adequacy of the drainage system
vi. Evidence of cleanliness, freedom from obnoxious odour
vii Evidence of pipe leakage
viii. Evidence of adequate privacy
ix. Evidence of functionality
vii) BATHROOM ACCOMMODATION:
Check for:
i. Adequacy for students’ population and sex composition.
ii. Evidence of broken soil drain pipes
iii. Adequacy of ventilation
iv. Evidence of broken/cracked floors or walls
v. Adequacy of the drainage system
vi. Evidence of proper door for privacy.
viii) KITCHEN:
Check for:
i. Evidence that number and size of the kitchen is in proportion to the students’ population catered for.
ii. Evidence of cleanliness and tidiness.
iii. Adequacy of ventilation.
iv. Evidence of rat and pest infestation.
v. Evidence of cracked walls or defective floors.
vi. Evidence of smoke nuisance.
vii. Evidence of hanging cobwebs.
ix) WATER SUPPLY:
Check for:
i. Source of water supply.
ii. Adequacy of water.
iii. Quality of water.
iv. Evidence of potential sources of contamination.
v. Adequacy and cleanliness of water containers.
vi. Possible leakages.
vii. Evidence of good drainage system.
x) REFUSE DISPOSAL:
Check for:
i. Availability of sanitary dustbins.
ii. Evidence of rat and pest infestation around dustbins.
iii. Evidence of spillage of waste.
xi) EXCRETA DISPOSAL:
Check for:
i. Evidence of pipe leakage
ii. Evidence of overfilled septic tanks leading to spillage
iii. Evidence of crack on septic tank/VIPL.
iv. Presence of ventilating pipes/opening
v. Distance to source of water
xii) HEALTH POST OR FIRST AID ROOM:
Check for:
i. Availability of a room for the care of an ill or injured student.
ii. Availability of trained personnel.
iii. Availability of first aid supplies.
iv. Evidence of convenient location of toilet and wash hand basin/sink in the room.
10.3.3 INTERNAL INSPECTION OF SCHOOL HOSTEL:
i) THE FLOOR:
Check for:
i. Cleanliness of the floor and look out for broken or cracked floor.
ii. Evidence of rat infestation (rat holes, runs and dropping).
iii. Evidence of dampness.
ii) WALLS:
Check for:
i. Dilapidated walls.
ii. Cracks, liable to habour vermin
iii. Evidence of dampness on the walls
iv. Overhanging cobwebs
iii) ROOF AND CEILINGS:
Check for:
i. Evidence of leaking roof
ii. Cleanliness and presence of cobwebs.
iii. Sagging of the ceiling.
iv) PASSAGES AND STAIRWAYS
Check for:
i. Objects that are likely to obstruct free movement along passages and stairways.
ii. Adequacy of passages and stairways for emergency evacuation.
iii. Lighting of stairways and passages.
iv. Adequacy of plans for emergency evacuation and the display of Evacuation plans in strategic locations.
v. Adequacy of the width of stairways and state of repair of handrails (Stairways shall have width greater than 1.12m and be provided with handrails on both sides).
vi. State of repair of stairway steps.
v) DORMITORIES:
Check for:
i. Evidence of overcrowding. There shall be a maximum of ten (10) school children in a standard room of not less than 20 sq. meters
ii. Adequacy of ventilation (Look for objects kept in the dormitories in such a manner as to obstruct the free flow of fresh air).
18
iii. Adequacy of lighting.
iv. Evidence of at least 2 doors in each dormitory
vi) TOILET ACCOMMODATION:
Check for:
i. Adequacy for students’ population and sex composition.
ii. Evidence of crack on walls and floors.
iii. Adequacy of ventilation.
iv. Evidence of adequate lighting.
v. Evidence of rat runs and pest infestation.
vi. Adequacy of the drainage system.
vii. Evidence of obnoxious odour.
viii. Evidence of pipe leakage.
ix. Evidence of adequate privacy.
vii) BATHROOM ACCOMMODATION
Check for:
i. Adequacy for students’ population and sex composition.
ii. Evidence of broken soil drain pipes.
iii. Adequacy of ventilation.
iv. Evidence of adequate lighting.
v. Evidence of broken/cracked floors or walls.
vi. Adequacy of the drainage system.
vii. Evidence of adequate privacy.
viii) KITCHEN:
Check for:
i. Evidence that number and size of the kitchen is in proportion to the number of students catered for.
ii. Evidence of cleanliness and tidiness.
iii. Adequacy of ventilation.
iv. Evidence of adequate lighting.
v. Evidence of rat and pest infestation.
vi. Evidence of cracked walls or defective floors.
vii. Evidence of smoke nuisance.
viii. Evidence of hanging cobwebs.
ix. Evidence of leakage in plumbing system.
ix) WATER SUPPLY:
Check for:
i. Source of water supply.
ii. Adequacy of water.
iii. Quality of water.
iv. Evidence of potential sources of contamination.
v. Adequacy and cleanliness of water containers.
vi. Possible leakages.
vii. Evidence of good drainage system
x) REFUSE DISPOSAL:
Check for:
i. Availability of sanitary dustbins.
ii. Evidence of rat and pest infestation around dustbins.
iii. Evidence of spillage of waste.
xi) EXCRETA DISPOSAL:
Check for:
i. Evidence of pipe leakage.
ii. Evidence of overfilled septic tanks leading to spillage.
iii. Evidence of crack on septic tanks/VIPL.
iv. Presence of ventilating pipes/opening.
v. Distance to source of water.
xii) HEALTH POST OR FIRST AID ROOM:
Check for:
i. Availability of a room for the care of an ill or injured student.
ii. Availability of trained personnel.
iii. Availability of first aid supplies.
vi. Evidence of convenient location of toilets and wash hand basin/sink in the room.
FORM E. S. 8
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA
SCHOOL SANITATION INSPECTION FORM
State................................................................
Local Government Area…………………………………………………………………………
District................................ Ward............................. Village …………………………………..
Town...................................... Street,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Name of School ................................................................................................................
Type of School (Nursery/Primary/Secondary)……………………………………………………….
Name of Principal/Head Teacher................................................................................
Name of Person accompanying the inspector..............................................................
Instructions for completing the school sanitation inspection form:
For section A-C,
i. For each item assessed tick:
A- if the item is adequate
B- if the item needs minor corrective action
C- if the item needs major corrective action
ii. if B or C is ticked, indicate corrective action required by completing the column on remarks
For section D, Provide a brief summary of inspection, highlighting significant findings and recommendations.
Section A: External Inspection
Item
DESCRIPTION
A
B
C
REMARKS
1
Area large enough
2
Grounds well kept
3
Presence of tall trees
4
Are there any disused material
5
Stagnant water
6
Dangerous excavations including defective septic tanks.
7
Visual barriers obstructing vision
8
Recreation equipment properly installed and in good repair and with adequate fall zones
21
9
Maintenance records available and up to date
10
Well maintained fence and gate
Section B: Internal Inspection of School Building
Item
DESCRIPTION
A
B
C
REMARKS
1
Floor
2
Wall
3
Roof and Ceiling
4
Passage and Stairways
5
Classrooms
6
Toilet accommodation
7
Bathroom accommodation
8
Kitchen, Food handlers/vendors trained and certified?
9
Water supply
10
Refuse disposal
11
Excreta disposal
12
Health post/First Aid Box
Section C: Internal Inspection of Hostel Building
Item
DESCRIPTION
A
B
C
REMARKS
1
Floor
2
Wall
3
Roof and Ceiling
4
Passage and Stairways
5
Emergency Evacuation Plan available and displayed.
6
Dormitories/Hostels
7
Toilet accommodation
8
Bathroom accommodation
9
Kitchen, Food handlers/vendors trained and certified?
10
Water supply
11
Refuse disposal
12
Excreta disposal
13
Health post/First Aid Box
Section D: Summary of Findings and Recommendations
........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
................................................................. …....................................................…………….
Environmental Health Officer/date School Representative/date
SCHOOL SANITATION
DEVELOPED BY
FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT
ABUJA
JULY 2005
PREFACE
The school environment is an integral part of the social component of the school child’s entire environment and has an important role to play in the overall development status of the child. Most childhood illnesses like measles, malaria, diarrhoeal diseases, malnutrition, etc are directly linked to filthy environmental conditions. Prevalence of injuries and accidents in children are also linked to hazardous conditions in the school environment. A healthy conducive school environment promotes learning and academic excellence by preventing school absenteeism due to illnesses and thus helps the school child to benefit maximally from educational programmes.
Environmental Sanitation in schools is generally poor as most schools lack potable water and adequate waste disposal facilities. Most schools are poorly lit, overcrowded without proper ventilation and are sited in areas that are noisy and hazardous due to road and human traffic. School buildings especially the public ones are often dilapidated, mouldy, and are usually in unkempt environment overgrown with weeds. Many food vendors who provide meals and snacks for school children are often unregistered and without proper medical certificate of fitness and the meals and snacks they provide may also be unwholesome.
Attempts by various Governments to improve Environmental Sanitation in schools have been piecemeal and unfocussed due to non-existence of a National Policy Guidelines on School Sanitation. The Policy Guidelines is therefore, developed to serve the needed impetus for a focused and coordinated implementation of School Environmental Sanitation Programmes. It has put into perspectives all modalities aimed at providing an optimally clean, safe and sanitary environment by promoting sanitary school conditions as well as sound practices among staff and students towards Environmental Sanitation. This will safeguard the health of the school child and all other staff who work in the school environment. Moreover, the early introduction of sanitary conditions and habits to school children would encourage them to imbibe the healthy culture of both personal and environmental cleanliness that will see them through adult lives.
The Policy Guidelines will also encourage compliance with stipulated standards on School Sanitation through the routine and regular assessment of the school sanitary facilities, school meals, food vendors and other environmental conditions within and around schools.
It is therefore hoped that the proper implementation of the Policy Guidelines on School Sanitation shall put an end to all the attending problems and ensure the development of future leaders with a culture of sound sustainable Environmental Sanitation.
Col. Bala Mande (rtd.)
Honourable Minister of Environment
July 2004
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Environment is the aggregate of all external conditions and influences, which affect the life and development of an individual. Next to the home, the school environment is the most influential factor on a child’s development. Children are most vulnerable to environmental pollution and hazards because exposures, which may be relatively harmless to adults, can be potentially devastating to them. Major causes of childhood morbidity and mortality e.g. malaria, measles, malnutrition, diarrhoeal diseases and respiratory infections; all have direct link to the environment.
1.2 Accidents are a leading cause of death and injury in the school-age group. Schools provide a concentration of very active people, all carrying out a wide-range of activities. Many of these activities, together with the life characteristics of this age group, are conducive to accidental injuries. It is, therefore, important to be continually aware of, and ensure good safety and accident control practices in schools.
1.3 School Sanitation comprises those activities carried out in schools to protect the pupils and staff from the adverse effect of insanitary and unsafe school environment. Insanitary school environment exposes the child to physical, biological and psychosocial hazards. A conducive environment, devoid of accidents and communicable diseases is required to promote learning in schools.
2.0 AIM
To provide an optimal sanitary environment which is safe and conducive for physical, mental and emotional health of the school community in order for the child to achieve maximum benefits from educational programmes.
3.0 OBJECTIVES
3.1 To promote conditions at schools as well as the practices of school staff and children that shall prevent sanitation related diseases.
3.2 To bring about positive changes in hygiene behaviour of school children and through these children, in the community at large.
3.3 To protect school children from insanitary surroundings and hazards.
3.4 To encourage the provision of sanitary facilities in schools.
3.5 To encourage provision of safe recreational facilities in schools.
3.6. To encourage compliance with stipulated sanitary standards for schools.
4.0 JUSTIFICATION
4.1 The teacher is usually the most influential person in the school system to shape the development of the child, but it is the total environment, which establishes conditions, conducive or detrimental, to this development. After the family, schools are the most important learning environment for children in stimulating or initiating a behavioural pattern. Maintaining a healthful school environment will therefore, help students recognize healthful living as desirable and necessary throughout their lives. For optimum learning, students also need an environment that satisfies their physical and mental needs.
4.2 Generally, many schools in Nigeria are without access to potable water, adequate sanitation, safe recreational facilities and school meal services. Introduction of sound sanitary habits and safe practices to the children early in life makes them imbibe the culture of cleanliness and safety. Children are future parents and what they learn is likely to be applied in the rest of their lives. This ensures the sustainability of sound sanitation practices. School Sanitation therefore provides the practical example of healthy living.
4.3 This National Policy Guidelines on School Sanitation is therefore to provide the mechanisms for regular environmental sanitation assessment in schools, so as to ensure the upgrading and maintenance of optimum environmental sanitation standards.
5.0 ELEMENTS OF SCHOOL SANITATION
5.1 SITE:
5.1.1 The School shall be located in reasonably level and well-drained ground
5.1.2 The School shall be sited in a safe area away from noise sources such as factories, markets, airports, major highways, public motor parks, etc.
5.1.3 The School shall have a walled fence with gates for security
5.2 SIZE
5.2.1 The School shall be large enough and proportionate to the number of children in the school (approximately 1 hectare of land for about 500 pupils).
5.3.1 There shall be a playground proportionate to the school population.
The playground shall be kept tidy to avoid accidents, injuries and bites from
reptiles
5.3.2 The playground shall be free of visual barriers that would obstruct supervision.
5.3.4 There shall be adequate recreational facilities e.g. football and basketball fields, etc.
5.3.5 The recreational equipment shall be properly installed and at a minimum distance of 2.5 metres away from fences, buildings, walls, walkways, tree branches and other obstructions.
5.3.6 The fall zones (area under and around the equipment where protective surfacing is needed) shall extend by about 2.0meters in all directions from the perimeter of the equipment. Fall zones to the front and rear of swings shall extend a distance of two (2) times the height of the pivot point.
5.3.7 The recreational equipment shall be properly maintained and the regular maintenance programme documented.
5.4 BUILDING
5.4.1 Design:
i. The architectural design shall be pupil friendly and not pose any risk to staff and pupil.
ii. Materials used for the building shall be of adequate standard, durable, fire-resistant and pose no health danger.
5.4.2 Occupancy:
i. Classrooms shall have a maximum of 36 pupils with 6 rows and 6 columns in a standard room not less than 19.4m2.
ii. Classrooms shall be well lit.
iii. Classrooms shall be well ventilated to prevent mouldy conditions and promote high indoor air quality.
iv. Classrooms shall maintain at least two (2) meters distance between the teacher and the first row.
5.5 SANITARY FACILITIES
5.5.1 Water Supply:
i. There shall be adequate supply of safe water for drinking, washing, cleaning and flushing of toilets.
ii. The School, where possible, shall provide and maintain individual boreholes to ensure constant supply of water.
iii. There shall be adequate wash hand basins with soap and clean towels in strategic places within school premises.
5.5.2 Refuse:
i. There shall be provided refuse containers that are covered, rust resistant, water and rodent proof.
ii. The containers shall be adequate in capacity and in sufficient numbers to hold all refuse that accumulate between collections.
iii. The refuse containers kept within the school premises shall be placed on a smooth surface (concrete or asphalt), which is graded to prevent pooling of water.
iv. The refuse shall be properly disposed using an appropriate sanitary method.
5.5.3 Toilet/Bath Facilities:
i. There shall be separate sanitary conveniences for boys and girls, male and female staff.
ii. The School shall have water closet toilets or ventilated improved pit latrines
iii. There shall be at least a toilet for every 30 pupils.
iv. The School shall provide fitted urinals for boys.
v. The School shall provide adequate and separate washrooms for males and females especially in boarding schools.
5.5.4 Waste Water Management:
i. There shall be adequate and functional drainage of wastewater, storm water and surface run-offs.
ii. The storm water and surface run-offs may be collected for reuse.
5.5.5 Food Sanitation:
i. As school meals service is a practical way of supplementing the child’s diet, the service shall be well regulated to ensure high standard of food sanitation.
ii. School food vendors shall be registered and monitored
iii. The nutritional value of the foods served by food vendors shall be reviewed periodically to ensure standard caloric values and nutrient content of the foods.
iv. Examination of food handlers in the school meal services shall be carried out to avoid food poisoning and the spread of food borne diseases. This examination shall consist of pre-employment, periodic and post-illness medical examinations.
6.0 HYGIENE EDUCATION
6.1 School sanitation will be unsuccessful without a sustained hygiene education, which aims at making children value health as a desirable asset.
6.2 Content of hygiene education:
6.2.1 Personal hygiene:
i. Hand washing with soap before preparing or handling food
ii. Hand washing with soap after toileting
iii. Hand washing with soap after changing baby’s napkins
iv. Regular bathing
v. Clean finger nails and tidy hair
vi. Cleanliness of uniforms, under wears, socks (no tattered or worn-out clothes)
vii. Cleanliness of School food vendors
viii. Hygiene education of food handlers at the school kitchen on sanitary habits and the need to safe guard food from contaminants.
6.2.2 Environmental Hygiene:
i. Cleanliness of the school environment including the toilets.
ii. Cleanliness of the school kitchen and areas where food are stored.
iii. Ensure that food and drinking water are kept covered and away from
contaminants
iv. Ensure use of sanitary dustbins for refuse collection and storage in and around the classrooms and hostels
v. Ensure timely disposal of refuse to final disposal site
vi. Ensure proper sewage management
vii. Ensure proper storm and waste water drainage
viii. Adequate control of reared animals at staff residential areas within the school premises
6.3 Methods of hygiene education:
6.3.1 Person to person contact on an individual basis.
i. Between the teacher and student to correct specific unhealthy hygiene behaviour.
6.3.2 Group hygiene education.
i. In the classroom during formal teaching sessions on hygiene behaviour (Subject lessons in Elementary/Health Science, etc), and other fora;
ii. At seminars, conferences, workshops, etc, targeted at school teachers;
iii. At seminars, conferences, workshops, etc, targeted at parents/guardians of the students.
6.4 Channels/instruments of communication:
6.4.1 Mass media e.g. radio, television, newspaper. These can reach many people at the same time and provide continued reminders and reinforcements
6.4.2 Use of posters, leaflets and pamphlets. They contain words or pictures, which carry messages placed in strategic positions where people will see them as they pass by.
6.4.3 Use of displays e.g. billboards, flipcharts, flannel graphs, photographs, films, movies and plays. Others include drama presentations, projected materials, publications, artwork and demonstrations.
6.4.4 Traditional media, which include role-play, story telling and folk tales, songs, town criers etc
7.0 STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTING SCHOOL SANITATION
7.1 Advocate for routine sanitary inspection of schools.
7.2 Revise and update school curricula to include sanitation and hygiene education.
7.3 Orientate all teachers and students on the significance of sound School Sanitation and hygiene education.
7.4 Educate school food vendors on sound hygiene behaviour.
7.5 Examine and medically certify school food vendors/handlers routinely.
7.6 Establish Environmental Sanitation Committees made up of all Stakeholders (pupils/students, parents, teachers, Government representatives), which shall meet regularly to develop activities aimed at promoting sound School Sanitation. This Committee shall also implement, monitor, evaluate and make the necessary adjustments for positive changes.
7.7 Organise school competitions and reward winners
7.8 Develop appropriate IEC materials on sound School Sanitation.
11
7.9 Foster the establishment of Environmental Sanitation clubs in schools.
8.0 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT
8.1 Federal Ministry of Environment shall:
8.1.1 Develop, periodically review and update the Policy Guidelines on School Sanitation.
8.1.2 Print and distribute take off Policy Guidelines and inspection forms.
8.1.3 Support research into School Sanitation and hygiene education matters.
8.1.4 Encourage States and LGAs to ensure compliance with Policy Guidelines on School Sanitation.
8.1.5 Support provision of IEC materials for schools.
8.1.6 Coordinate School Sanitation inspection returns from the States.
8.1.7 Collaborate with other relevant agencies and international organisations.
8.2 Federal Ministry of Education shall:
8.2.1 Ensure that all schools comply with extant minimum standards on
environmental sanitation
8.2.2 Collaborate with Federal Ministry of Environment to periodically review
school hygiene curriculum to include sanitation and hygiene education.
8.3 State Government shall:
8.3.1 Implement the Policy Guidelines on School Sanitation
8.3.2 Enact relevant laws to enforce compliance with provisions of the Policy
Guidelines.
8.3.3 Monitor LGAs to ensure compliance with the provisions of the Policy Guidelines.
8.3.4 Produce IEC materials for schools.
8.3.5 Monitor the implementation of School Sanitation programmes.
8.3.6 Assess School Sanitation and hygiene education regularly.
8.3.7 Coordinate returns of School Sanitation inspection forms from LGAs.
8.3.8 Render quarterly reports of School Sanitation Programmes to the Federal Ministry of Environment.
8.4 Local Government shall:
8.4.1 Implement the Policy Guidelines on School Sanitation.
8.4.2 Enact and enforce relevant Bye-laws concerned with School Sanitation and hygiene education.
8.4.3 Print and distribute IEC materials to schools.
8.4.4 Print and distribute School Sanitation Inspection forms.
8.4.5 Inspect all schools regularly at least once every term.
8.4.6 Screen and certify school food vendors/handlers
8.4.7 Render monthly report of School Sanitation inspection to the State.
8.4.8 Collaborate with CBOs and PTAs on School Sanitation activities.
8.5 School authorities shall:
8.5.1 Ensure that the school curriculum on hygiene education is well covered with appropriate teaching aids and illustrations
8.5.2 Ensure the provision of adequate and functional sanitary facilities in schools.
8.5.3 Educate students on the proper use of sanitary facilities
8.5.4 Ensure regular maintenance of sanitary facilities.
8.5.5 Ensure that all school food vendors/handlers have current Food Handlers’ Certificates
8.5.6 Ensure the control of reared animals within the school premises
8.5.7 Coordinate the activities of the Environmental Sanitation Committee of the school
8.5.8 Encourage the formation of functional Environmental Sanitation Clubs in Schools
8.5.9 Organise interclass/interhouse competitions on Environmental Sanitation.
8.5.10 Cooperate with the LGA inspectors on school inspection rounds
8.5.11 Organise continuous training and orientation of staff and students on hygiene education.
8.5.12 Undertake self-help projects e.g. planting of trees and flowers for improvement of the aesthetics of the entire school compound.
8.6 Parents Teachers Association (PTA) shall:
8.6.1 Support schools through the conduct of fund raising programmes to promote Environmental Sanitation activities.
8.6.2 Provide logistic support for new sanitation facilities.
8.6.3 Support maintenance of new and existing sanitation facilities.
8.6.4 Support schools through provision of trophies for Sanitation Competitions
8.7 School Children shall:
8.7.1 Ensure general cleanliness of the school premises.
8.7.2 Maintain high degree of personal hygiene.
8.7.3 Ensure proper use of sanitary facilities.
8.7.4 Endeavour to imbibe and put to practice sound sanitation habits at school and homes.
9.0 INTERSECTORAL COLLABORATION
Various units, departments and ministries at all tiers of Government shall collaborate in the implementation of all aspects of School Sanitation and hygiene education. The formation of functional Environmental Sanitation clubs shall be encouraed. The following ministries/Agencies/NGOs shall thus be actively involved:
1. Ministry of Environment
2. State Sanitation Agency
3. Ministry of Health
4. Ministry of Education
5. Ministry of Water resources
6. Ministry of Housing and Urban development
7. Ministry of Information and National Orientation
8. Ministry of Works
9. Ministry of Women Affairs
10. Ministry of Intergovernmental Affairs (Youth Development)
11. Ministry of Sports
12. CSOs
10.0 PROCEDURE FOR ROUTINE SCHOOL INSPECTION
10.1 On visiting a school, the first thing an Environmental Health Officer does is to introduce himself and present his identity card to the Head Teacher or Principal of the school informing him about his mission. After the introduction, he shall request to be accompanied for the inspection.
10.2 Using the School Sanitation Inspection Forms, all deficiencies and hazards found in the school or on the school property are noted. At the conclusion of the inspection, the findings and recommendations are discussed with the staff.
10.3 The procedure for school inspection is systematic, beginning as follows:
10.3.1 EXTERNAL INSPECTION
The Environmental Health Officer shall examine the general Environmental Sanitation of the premises and check for:
i. Area large enough for students’ population as stipulated in section 5.
ii. Over-grown weeds, which may habour reptiles, rats and other vermin of public health importance.
iii. Tall trees, which may be prejudicial to the health of the students.
iv. Derelict and disused materials like vehicles, tyres, damaged furniture, etc capable of habouring rodents, reptiles and other vermin in or around the premises including adjourning streets.
v. Stagnant water and other water bearing plants or receptacles capable of providing breeding sites for mosquitoes.
vi. Dangerous excavations within the premises, including defective septic tanks.
vii. Playground kept tidy and free of visual barriers
viii. Recreational equipment properly installed and maintained with adequate fall zones.
ix. Availability of the maintenance records of recreational equipment with updated entries.
x. Well maintained wall fence with security gates
10.3.2 INTERNAL INSPECTION OF SCHOOL BUILDING
i) THE FLOOR:
Check for:
i. Cleanliness of the floor and look out for broken or cracked floor.
ii. Evidence of rat infestation (rat holes, runs or droppings).
iii. Evidence of dampness.
ii) WALLS:
Check for:
i. Dilapidated walls.
ii. Cracks, liable to habour vermin
iii. Evidence of dampness on the walls
iv. Overhanging cobwebs.
iii) ROOF AND CEILING:
Check for:
i. Evidence of leaking roof
ii. Cleanliness and presence of cobwebs.
iii. Sagging of the ceiling.
iv) PASSAGES AND STAIRWAYS:
Check for:
i. Objects that are likely to obstruct free movement along passages and stairways.
ii. Adequacy of passages and stairways for emergency evacuation.
iii. Lighting of stairways and passages
iv. Adequacy of the width of stairways and state of repair of handrails
(Stairways shall have a width greater than 1.12 meters and be provided with handrails on both sides).
v. State of repair of stairway steps.
v) CLASSROOMS:
Check for:
i. Evidence of overcrowding. There shall be a maximum 36 pupils in a standard room of not less than 19.4 square metres.
ii. Adequate ventilation. Look for objects kept in the classrooms in such a manner as to obstruct the free flow of fresh air.
iii. Adequate lighting
iv. Evidence of two (2) doors in each classroom
v. Evidence of moulds, cracks on walls and floors.
vi) TOILET ACCOMMODATION:
Check for:
i. Adequacy for students’ population and sex composition.
ii. Evidence of crack on walls and floors.
iii. Adequacy of ventilation
iv Evidence of rat runs and pest infestation
v. Adequacy of the drainage system
vi. Evidence of cleanliness, freedom from obnoxious odour
vii Evidence of pipe leakage
viii. Evidence of adequate privacy
ix. Evidence of functionality
vii) BATHROOM ACCOMMODATION:
Check for:
i. Adequacy for students’ population and sex composition.
ii. Evidence of broken soil drain pipes
iii. Adequacy of ventilation
iv. Evidence of broken/cracked floors or walls
v. Adequacy of the drainage system
vi. Evidence of proper door for privacy.
viii) KITCHEN:
Check for:
i. Evidence that number and size of the kitchen is in proportion to the students’ population catered for.
ii. Evidence of cleanliness and tidiness.
iii. Adequacy of ventilation.
iv. Evidence of rat and pest infestation.
v. Evidence of cracked walls or defective floors.
vi. Evidence of smoke nuisance.
vii. Evidence of hanging cobwebs.
ix) WATER SUPPLY:
Check for:
i. Source of water supply.
ii. Adequacy of water.
iii. Quality of water.
iv. Evidence of potential sources of contamination.
v. Adequacy and cleanliness of water containers.
vi. Possible leakages.
vii. Evidence of good drainage system.
x) REFUSE DISPOSAL:
Check for:
i. Availability of sanitary dustbins.
ii. Evidence of rat and pest infestation around dustbins.
iii. Evidence of spillage of waste.
xi) EXCRETA DISPOSAL:
Check for:
i. Evidence of pipe leakage
ii. Evidence of overfilled septic tanks leading to spillage
iii. Evidence of crack on septic tank/VIPL.
iv. Presence of ventilating pipes/opening
v. Distance to source of water
xii) HEALTH POST OR FIRST AID ROOM:
Check for:
i. Availability of a room for the care of an ill or injured student.
ii. Availability of trained personnel.
iii. Availability of first aid supplies.
iv. Evidence of convenient location of toilet and wash hand basin/sink in the room.
10.3.3 INTERNAL INSPECTION OF SCHOOL HOSTEL:
i) THE FLOOR:
Check for:
i. Cleanliness of the floor and look out for broken or cracked floor.
ii. Evidence of rat infestation (rat holes, runs and dropping).
iii. Evidence of dampness.
ii) WALLS:
Check for:
i. Dilapidated walls.
ii. Cracks, liable to habour vermin
iii. Evidence of dampness on the walls
iv. Overhanging cobwebs
iii) ROOF AND CEILINGS:
Check for:
i. Evidence of leaking roof
ii. Cleanliness and presence of cobwebs.
iii. Sagging of the ceiling.
iv) PASSAGES AND STAIRWAYS
Check for:
i. Objects that are likely to obstruct free movement along passages and stairways.
ii. Adequacy of passages and stairways for emergency evacuation.
iii. Lighting of stairways and passages.
iv. Adequacy of plans for emergency evacuation and the display of Evacuation plans in strategic locations.
v. Adequacy of the width of stairways and state of repair of handrails (Stairways shall have width greater than 1.12m and be provided with handrails on both sides).
vi. State of repair of stairway steps.
v) DORMITORIES:
Check for:
i. Evidence of overcrowding. There shall be a maximum of ten (10) school children in a standard room of not less than 20 sq. meters
ii. Adequacy of ventilation (Look for objects kept in the dormitories in such a manner as to obstruct the free flow of fresh air).
18
iii. Adequacy of lighting.
iv. Evidence of at least 2 doors in each dormitory
vi) TOILET ACCOMMODATION:
Check for:
i. Adequacy for students’ population and sex composition.
ii. Evidence of crack on walls and floors.
iii. Adequacy of ventilation.
iv. Evidence of adequate lighting.
v. Evidence of rat runs and pest infestation.
vi. Adequacy of the drainage system.
vii. Evidence of obnoxious odour.
viii. Evidence of pipe leakage.
ix. Evidence of adequate privacy.
vii) BATHROOM ACCOMMODATION
Check for:
i. Adequacy for students’ population and sex composition.
ii. Evidence of broken soil drain pipes.
iii. Adequacy of ventilation.
iv. Evidence of adequate lighting.
v. Evidence of broken/cracked floors or walls.
vi. Adequacy of the drainage system.
vii. Evidence of adequate privacy.
viii) KITCHEN:
Check for:
i. Evidence that number and size of the kitchen is in proportion to the number of students catered for.
ii. Evidence of cleanliness and tidiness.
iii. Adequacy of ventilation.
iv. Evidence of adequate lighting.
v. Evidence of rat and pest infestation.
vi. Evidence of cracked walls or defective floors.
vii. Evidence of smoke nuisance.
viii. Evidence of hanging cobwebs.
ix. Evidence of leakage in plumbing system.
ix) WATER SUPPLY:
Check for:
i. Source of water supply.
ii. Adequacy of water.
iii. Quality of water.
iv. Evidence of potential sources of contamination.
v. Adequacy and cleanliness of water containers.
vi. Possible leakages.
vii. Evidence of good drainage system
x) REFUSE DISPOSAL:
Check for:
i. Availability of sanitary dustbins.
ii. Evidence of rat and pest infestation around dustbins.
iii. Evidence of spillage of waste.
xi) EXCRETA DISPOSAL:
Check for:
i. Evidence of pipe leakage.
ii. Evidence of overfilled septic tanks leading to spillage.
iii. Evidence of crack on septic tanks/VIPL.
iv. Presence of ventilating pipes/opening.
v. Distance to source of water.
xii) HEALTH POST OR FIRST AID ROOM:
Check for:
i. Availability of a room for the care of an ill or injured student.
ii. Availability of trained personnel.
iii. Availability of first aid supplies.
vi. Evidence of convenient location of toilets and wash hand basin/sink in the room.
FORM E. S. 8
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA
SCHOOL SANITATION INSPECTION FORM
State................................................................
Local Government Area…………………………………………………………………………
District................................ Ward............................. Village …………………………………..
Town...................................... Street,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Name of School ................................................................................................................
Type of School (Nursery/Primary/Secondary)……………………………………………………….
Name of Principal/Head Teacher................................................................................
Name of Person accompanying the inspector..............................................................
Instructions for completing the school sanitation inspection form:
For section A-C,
i. For each item assessed tick:
A- if the item is adequate
B- if the item needs minor corrective action
C- if the item needs major corrective action
ii. if B or C is ticked, indicate corrective action required by completing the column on remarks
For section D, Provide a brief summary of inspection, highlighting significant findings and recommendations.
Section A: External Inspection
Item
DESCRIPTION
A
B
C
REMARKS
1
Area large enough
2
Grounds well kept
3
Presence of tall trees
4
Are there any disused material
5
Stagnant water
6
Dangerous excavations including defective septic tanks.
7
Visual barriers obstructing vision
8
Recreation equipment properly installed and in good repair and with adequate fall zones
21
9
Maintenance records available and up to date
10
Well maintained fence and gate
Section B: Internal Inspection of School Building
Item
DESCRIPTION
A
B
C
REMARKS
1
Floor
2
Wall
3
Roof and Ceiling
4
Passage and Stairways
5
Classrooms
6
Toilet accommodation
7
Bathroom accommodation
8
Kitchen, Food handlers/vendors trained and certified?
9
Water supply
10
Refuse disposal
11
Excreta disposal
12
Health post/First Aid Box
Section C: Internal Inspection of Hostel Building
Item
DESCRIPTION
A
B
C
REMARKS
1
Floor
2
Wall
3
Roof and Ceiling
4
Passage and Stairways
5
Emergency Evacuation Plan available and displayed.
6
Dormitories/Hostels
7
Toilet accommodation
8
Bathroom accommodation
9
Kitchen, Food handlers/vendors trained and certified?
10
Water supply
11
Refuse disposal
12
Excreta disposal
13
Health post/First Aid Box
Section D: Summary of Findings and Recommendations
........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
................................................................. …....................................................…………….
Environmental Health Officer/date School Representative/date
I am an environmental public health practitioner. Obtained first degree in public health [environmental health and safety] from Federal University of Technology, Owerri.
POLICY GUIDELINES ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 2005
POLICY GUIDELINES ON
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
DEVELOPED BY
FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT
ABUJA
JULY 2005
PREFACE
Solid Waste Management remains one of the most daunting Environmental Sanitation challenges facing the country today and it has continually remained at its lowest ebb despite huge investments in the sector. Currently, as a result of industrialisation and rapid population growth in many cities and towns, wastes are generated faster than they are collected, transported and disposed.
The National Environmental Sanitation Policy sets out to achieve a clean and healthy environment for all Nigerians. In tackling the underlying problems of solid waste management, this Policy Guidelines has recommended effective, efficient and sustainable waste management strategies. Such strategies include, waste minimisation at source through re-use, recycle and energy recovery before final disposal. Due emphasis has also been given to the use of locally available, appropriate and easily affordable technologies. Criteria for standardisation of the technologies have also been put in place.
Furthermore, since the type and volume of waste generated vary with location and season of the year, the preferred waste management options also vary from place to place and season to season. Thus, the methods of solid waste management have been hinged on the diverse socio-cultural, religious and topographical considerations that exist in the country.
The roles expected of all Stakeholders are clearly spelt out in the Policy Guidelines with special emphasis on the role of the private sector for their full participation. A clear call for adequate funding of the various strategies has been made to all Stakeholders. Sanctions and enforcement mechanisms shall be strengthened and decentralised for better efficiency while rewards for best practices shall be institutionalised.
The ultimate aim of the Policy Guidelines is to ensure that solid waste management is private sector driven with a potential to create employment and wealth. This no doubt shall enhance sustainability.
Col. Bala Mande (rtd.)
Honourable Minister of Environment.
July 2004
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 The growth of human population coupled with increased economic activities in towns and cities result in high rate of solid waste generation. A fundamental attribute of solid waste is that it is inevitable as almost every human activity involves the generation of waste in solid, liquid and gaseous forms. Social dynamics such as modernisation and economic development influence waste generation. This calls for careful planning and adequate resource allocation to forestall a mismatch between the rates of waste generation, rate of collection and disposal.
1.2 The management of solid waste is far from being satisfactory in Nigeria. Many parts of our cities and towns do not benefit from any organised waste management services and therefore wastes are unattended to, buried, burnt or disposed haphazardly. In areas where the authorities do the collection, it is often irregular and sporadic. Recycling of waste is negligible while the methods used for collection, transportation and final disposal are very unsatisfactory. Waste when left unattended for a long time constitutes serious health hazard, causes offensive odour, pollutes underground water sources and decreases environmental aesthetics and quality.
1.3 The waste burden has indeed become critical with waste products often containing materials that are toxic and not readily biodegradable. Such materials include various types of industrial chemical wastes, which can contaminate soil and underground water sources indefinitely if not properly disposed. Biomedical wastes from health care institutions also contain infectious/hazardous materials that can pose potential hazards to the environment and human health, when not properly disposed. The improper handling and disposal of medical wastes is a major threat to refuse collectors and scavengers and can result in infections such as HIV/AIDS, Tetanus, Hepatitis, etc. This in turn undermines productivity and reduces national income, thereby perpetuating a vicious cycle of poverty.
1.4 Effective and efficient Solid Waste Management is based on a hierarchy of management options: the reduction of waste, its reuse wherever possible, recycling, composting and energy recovery, and final disposal. However, there will always be certain wastes for which incineration is the most reasonable environmental and economic option. The Government policy shall seek to choose the best options for waste management that will minimise the risk of environmental pollution and harm to human health.
2.0 AIM
To improve and safeguard public health and welfare through efficient sanitary Solid Waste Management methods that will be economical, sustainable and guarantee sound environmental quality.
3.0 OBJECTIVES
3.1 To develop Policy Guidelines for efficient and sustainable Solid Waste Management in Nigeria.
3.2 To promote a healthy environment by ensuring sanitary Solid Waste Management.
3.3 To minimize waste generation and promote sorting at source, reuse, recycling and energy recovery.
3.4 To ensure safe and nuisance-free disposal of (urban and rural) domestic, medical, and industrial wastes in order to adequately protect public health during and after collection, transportation, treatment and final disposal.
3.5 To promote effective Stakeholders participation in Solid Waste Management.
3.6 To generate employment opportunities, improve the standard of living and thus reduce poverty.
3.7 To optimize labour and equipment in waste management to enhance increased productivity.
3.8 To facilitate cost recovery in waste management investment and ensure project replication and sustainability.
3.9 To build an institutional framework capable of ensuring an efficient waste management system.
3.10 To evolve and maintain an indigenous waste management system based on the physical and socio-cultural characteristics of communities.
3.11 To maintain adequate and regular waste management services at affordable cost.
4.0 JUSTIFICATION
4.1 The alarming rate at which heaps of solid wastes occupy most of our cities, coupled with the fact that 87% of Nigerians use methods adjudged as insanitary, has not only constituted visual blight and odour nuisance, but also encouraged the breeding of rodents, mosquitoes and other pests of public health importance with their attendant disease outbreaks.
4.2 It is common knowledge that markets and motor parks used by hundreds of Nigerians daily are seldom provided with facilities used for solid waste collection and disposal. As a result of this men and women in markets and motor parks often result into indiscriminate disposal of solid waste into public drains, around street corners, etc.
4.3 Flooding on our major roads is due largely to silt and solid waste blocking the drains and other outlets provided. The stagnant water in the blocked drains serve as breeding sites for mosquitoes.
4.4 The high incidence of improper waste management related diseases, e.g cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea, malaria etc, have become a source of embarrassment to Government. It is a known fact that a dirty environment with its attendant health consequences that prevails in most of our cities could scare away tourists and investors.
4.5 The World Health Organization (WHO) is also concerned about poor sanitation in member countries. In a resolution by the Regional Committee for Africa during the Forty-third session stated in its document AFR/RC43/R2 of 7th September 1993, that it is expedient to affirm that proper sanitation and sound waste management are crucial in the promotion and protection of human health and of the environment, both of which are necessary for sustainable development.
5.0 STRATEGIES
5.1 Promote waste minimization at household and community levels, through reduction at source, reuse, recycling and resource recovery.
5.2 Evolve and promote appropriate technologies for recycling of waste components such as bottles, glass, metals, paper, plastic and organic matter.
5.3 Foster the establishment of small-scale waste recycling plants at household and community levels, to source for and convert recyclable waste.
5.4 Develop technical capacity of public and private sector agencies in Solid Waste Management.
5.5 Conduct research to determine per capita waste generation and build a database on Solid Waste Management.
5.6 Establish regulations, sanctions and enforcement mechanisms for Solid Waste Management from source of generation to the point of disposal.
5.7 Develop a Solid Waste Master Plan as a national blue print for effective Solid Waste Management.
5.8 Evolve realistic and sustainable funding mechanisms.
5.9 Create public awareness and sensitisation on efficient municipal Solid Waste Management practices.
5.10 Ensure effective monitoring and evaluation of municipal Solid Waste Management practices
5.11 Set health criteria for manual sorting of wastes at household and community levels
6.0 INSTITUTIONAL ROLES
6.1 The Federal Government shall:
6.1.1 Develop, periodically review and update the Policy Guidelines on Solid Waste Management.
6.1.2 Develop and circulate set standards for equipment procurement and maintenance in Solid Waste Management.
6.1.3 Develop and circulate set standards on private sector participation in Solid Waste Management services
6.1.4 Prepare a Solid Waste Master Plan as a national blue print for effective Solid Waste Management and ensure its implementation at the appropriate levels of Government.
6.1.5 Enact appropriate Legislation that will foster successful implementation of the Policy Guidelines and Master Plan.
6.1.6 Source for funds for programme development, specialized studies and capacity building on Solid Waste Management.
6.1.7 Provide technical assistance to States and LGAs in Solid Waste Management.
6.1.8 Initiate relevant programmes for improved Solid Waste Management practises
6.1.9 Establish a national data bank on Solid Waste Management for planning and development.
6.1.10 Provide environmental education and awareness on sound Solid Waste Management.
6.1.11 Collaborate with relevant Stakeholders and ESAs on Solid Waste Management
6.1.12 Register Solid Waste Management facilities that require EIA certification
6.2 The State Government shall:
6.2.1 Support and ensure the implementation of the Policy Guidelines on Solid Waste Management.
6.2.2 Facilitate the implementation of the National Solid Waste Master Plan
6.2.3 Enact relevant State Legislation
6.2.4 Provide technical support to the LGAs through training and manpower development programmes for capacity building and institutional strengthening.
6.2.5 Support the provision of logistics including financial instruments to facilitate private sector participation in Solid Waste Management.
6.2.6 Conduct public education and enlightenment on sound Solid Waste Management.
6.2.7 Conduct research into local options for Solid Waste Management to guide LGAs.
6.2.8 Establish data bank on Solid Waste Management.
6.2.9 Provide land for siting waste management facilities.
6.3 Local Government shall:
6.3.1 Implement the Policy Guidelines on Solid Waste Management as a statutory obligation.
6.3.2 Implement the National Solid Waste Master Plan.
6.3.3 Enact appropriate legislative instruments and establish necessary sanctions and enforcement mechanisms for efficient service delivery.
6.3.4 Enlist the services of the private sector and other Stakeholders in Solid Waste Management.
6.3.5 Register and license all operators of waste management facilities and services.
6.3.6 Make adequate annual budgetary provisions for Solid Waste Management
6.3.7 Recruit, train and retrain staff for efficient service delivery.
6.3.8 Establish a consultative forum with members of the public to build consensus on appropriate strategies for waste management.
6.3.9 Develop IEC materials on solid waste handling techniques at household level
6.3.10 Promote private sector participation in the delivery of waste management options.
6.4 The Private Sector shall:
6.4.1 Comply with the provisions of the National Policy Guidelines and Master Plan on Solid Waste Management.
6.4.2 Participate in Solid Waste Management on cost recovery basis.
6.4.3 Undertake waste recycling activities in an environmentally sound manner.
6.4.4 Engage in partnership with Local Governments for better service delivery.
6.4.5 Undertake research, specialized studies and product development in Solid Waste Management.
6.4.6 Promote public enlightenment campaigns.
6.5 Civil Society Organisations shall:
6.5.1 Undertake grassroots mobilization to support appropriate waste management options.
6.5.2 Promote the adoption of waste separation and resource recovery at household level.
6.5.3 Promote public enlightenment campaigns on appropriate strategies for waste storage, collection and disposal.
6.6 The Public shall:
6.6.1 Adopt environment friendly habits and practices.
6.6.2 Comply with existing Legislation on Solid Waste Management.
6.6.3 Comply with the provisions of the Policy Guidelines
6.6.4 Cooperate with other Stakeholders to ensure sustainable Solid Waste Management systems.
6.6.5 Patronise recycled goods and biodegradable packages.
6.6.6 Undertake sorting of recyclable components at source and dispose residue at designated sites.
6.6.7 Segregate hazardous wastes and ensure hygienic and safe disposal.
6.6.8 Maintain sanitary dustbins in homes
6.6.9 Adopt the technology of converting local waste into energy generation including biogas.
6.6.10 Adopt the use of compost as soil conditioner.
6.6.11 Pay for Solid Waste Management services to ensure its sustainability.
7.0 GUIDELINES FOR EFFICIENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICE DELIVERY AT THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT LEVEL
The strategies adopted for waste management at the Local Government level shall relate to the culture, land use types, economic base, climatic conditions, level of urbanization and the existing institutional arrangement. However, the following guidelines are provided as a broad statement to make for strategic interventions in Solid Waste Management in Nigeria.
7.1 WASTE STORAGE
7.1.1 Household sanitary dustbins or disposable refuse bags for collection and storage of household wastes shall be promoted. The sanitary dustbins either galvanized or plastic of about 20kg capacity shall be fitted with two handles and a well fitting cover to prevent fly infestation and odour nuisance. The bins shall be kept out of reach of domestic animals, to prevent spillage of refuse. The galvanized dustbin shall be kept in a non-moist area to prevent corrosion. The dustbins shall be emptied into designated solid waste depot located within the area. Appropriate colour codes shall be adopted for segregation or sorting of domestic and hazardous wastes.
7.1.2 For commercial areas e.g. Market, etc, mammoth bins shall be placed at strategic locations to accommodate the large volume of solid waste generated at the market place.
7.1.3 For industrial premises dinosaur bins of about 1500kg should be placed at strategic locations within such premises to retain solid wastes generated.
7.2 WASTE COLLECTION
The Local Government shall:
7.2.1 Conduct studies and classify all settlements according to their level of urbanization, size, function and economic base into urban, semi-urban and rural.
7.2.2 Review existing collection equipment, method, and frequencies, as well as the tradition and labour practices.
7.2.3 Determine the most efficient system of waste collection for each settlement category and:
i. Set out the method of refuse pick,
ii. Determine manpower and equipment needs,
iii. Determine vehicle type and routing system
7.2.4 Integrate as much as possible, the various waste collection methods adopted for the different levels of settlements.
7.2.5 Introduce standardized waste storage bins but where this is not immediately possible, existing storage bins shall be made functional and safe.
7.2.6 Implement collection methods that take into account differences in residential districts of a city as indicated below:
Residential Area Collection method
Well planned, high income, low density areas House to house
Medium density residential layouts Kerb side
High density low income districts Communal depots
In case of communal depots, adequate numbers shall be provided within 200 to 250 meters walking distance to residences.
7.2.7 Set up an efficient system for sanctioning and enforcement.
7.2.8 Monitor, evaluate and re-plan at regular intervals
7.3 COLLECTION EQUIPMENT
7.3.1 In the choice of waste collection vehicles and equipment, emphasis shall be on optimizing vehicle and labour for improved productivity. The following guidelines are offered for vehicle choice:
i. A variety of non-motorised vehicles, which are human or animal powered are the most appropriate to be used as primary refuse collection vehicles in areas inaccessible to motor vehicles, such as in high density areas with poor road access; or when haul distance is short. Examples of such vehicles include:
a) Handcarts – with container capacity of about 200kg have economic radius of operation of about 1km.
b) Pedal tricycles – with container capacity up to 500kg, have economic operation radius of about 2-3 km.
c) Animal drawn carts – have limited capacity of about 2 cubic meter, with an economic radius of operation of about 3km.
ii. In densely populated areas, heavy motorized vehicles often create problems. In such circumstances and particularly where haul distance is long, the collected intra settlement wastes can be transferred from a small vehicle to a large one at the periphery of settlements or at an appropriate location created as transfer station.
iii. The compactor truck is uneconomical and inappropriate in most areas because non-compaction vehicles can adequately collect our type of waste.
7.3.2 The choice of solid waste handling machine and equipment shall comply with the set guidelines of the Federal Government
7.3.3 The programme of equipment procurement shall be accompanied by maintenance agreement.
7.4 TRANSFER STATIONS
7.4.1 The need for transfer stations has been recognized particularly for some large metropolitan centers. Transfer stations shall be established where any of the following conditions subsist:
i. Where disposal sites cannot be located near the sources of solid waste generation.
ii. Where the responsibilities for waste mangement are separated and in the hands of different agencies.
iii. Where labour and transportation costs are high, particularly for haulage business.
7.4.2 Transfer station shall be built where public objection to its construction is limited and transport cost is optimized.
7.5 WASTE TRANSPORTATION
Intra-city and inter-city transportation of solid waste shall comply with the following guidelines:
7.5.1 Choice of vehicles shall comply with set guidelines on equipment procurement.
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7.5.2 Transport vehicles shall be covered to prevent unhealthy spread and dispersal of waste.
7.5.3 Transport itinerary shall be planned and properly routed in a manner that will not encumber intra-city mobility.
7.6 WASTE MANAGEMENT METHODS
7.6.1 Sanitary landfill remains the most cost-effective means of Solid Waste Management. Local Governments shall identify suitable landfill sites. The management of the site shall be public or private but the LGA shall monitor and supervise the sites to ensure compliance with standards.
7.6.2 The biological decomposition of organic wastes to produce biogas and/or compost shall be encouraged.
7.6.3 The large potential for recycling that has been found for municipal waste in Nigeria shall be tapped.
7.6.4 Incineration as a method of waste treatment shall be employed only where the local environment permits and for selected wastes.
7.7 MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
7.7.1 Four (4) management options are recommended:
i. By Local Government/Municipal Agencies;
ii. By Private Companies on contract with the LGA/Municipality;
iii. By Private Companies on contract with Home Owners.
iv. By public/private partnership
7.7.2 Direct operations of waste management by LGA/Municipal Agencies may be embarked upon where the private initiative is low. This practice is often bedeviled with frequent personnel turnover and the use of incompetent or untrained officials. Although money may be saved, it may be at the expense of satisfactory performance.
7.7.3 Contracting out waste collection to private contractors by the LGA/ Municipal Agency has its advantages. First, waste collection is conducted as a business venture without political considerations. Similarly, the burden of expenditure for equipment and capital outlay is placed on private companies while collection is effective. However, it may sometimes be counter-productive, as profit is the object of service. Also, contractual obligations are fixed and inflexible to changing conditions, as alterations in collection practices will require review in terms of contract. Furthermore, there are dual risks. One occurs in case of non-renewal of contract in spite of high capital outlay by the private contractor. The other is the risk to Government in case the private contractor fails.
7.7.4 Contract with individual house-owners is a frequent occurrence in sub-urban or rural areas where the LGA/Municipality does not usually render waste collection services. The practice has been found to be highly competitive and often uneconomic. There is usually price cutting by operators, which leads to low service standard. However, if properly organized and well monitored by the LGA, the service can be very effective in ridding the city of waste.
7.7.5 Public private partnership which is the latest practice the world over, shall be encouraged as this service will without doubt complement the efforts of the Government at getting rid of solid waste heaps in the city. Apart from the fact that the system will create more employment and alleviate poverty of the operators, the revenue base of the LGA will be significantly increased through the registration and licensing of such operators. However, the Government on its part shall promote and organize this sector through creation of appropriate enabling environment.
7.8 PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION
Private sector participation shall be hinged on the principle of fair play and transparency that is devoid of political undertones. The selection of private sector participants in Solid Waste Management shall be organised as follows:
7.8.1 Franchised area shall be planned and mapped.
7.8.2 Criteria for company qualification and selection shall be clearly stated.
7.83 Indicators for franchised performance shall be specified.
7.8.4 Terms of Reference and Conditions of Engagement of the private sector participant shall be well defined.
7.8.5 Monitoring and evaluation procedures shall be outlined.
7.8.6 Entire operations shall be backed by Legislation.
7.9 SANCTIONS AND ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS
Mobile Sanitation Courts have become necessary to encourage public compliance with set rules and regulations, enforce standards and ensure positive attitudinal changes. In this regard, the following shall be put in place:
7.9.1 Bye-laws on Solid Waste Management stipulating service standards and operations as well as citizen’s obligations, shall be enacted.
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7.9.2 The Bye-laws shall be adequately disseminated to all communities.
7.9.3 Local and mobile courts shall be established where they do not exist, to try offenders and impose sanctions.
7.9.4 Sanctions shall be strictly enforced.
7.10 REWARD FOR BEST PRACTICES
7.10.1 Each tier of Government shall identify best practices based on set criteria for exposition and reward.
7.10.2 Replication of best practices shall be encouraged.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
DEVELOPED BY
FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT
ABUJA
JULY 2005
PREFACE
Solid Waste Management remains one of the most daunting Environmental Sanitation challenges facing the country today and it has continually remained at its lowest ebb despite huge investments in the sector. Currently, as a result of industrialisation and rapid population growth in many cities and towns, wastes are generated faster than they are collected, transported and disposed.
The National Environmental Sanitation Policy sets out to achieve a clean and healthy environment for all Nigerians. In tackling the underlying problems of solid waste management, this Policy Guidelines has recommended effective, efficient and sustainable waste management strategies. Such strategies include, waste minimisation at source through re-use, recycle and energy recovery before final disposal. Due emphasis has also been given to the use of locally available, appropriate and easily affordable technologies. Criteria for standardisation of the technologies have also been put in place.
Furthermore, since the type and volume of waste generated vary with location and season of the year, the preferred waste management options also vary from place to place and season to season. Thus, the methods of solid waste management have been hinged on the diverse socio-cultural, religious and topographical considerations that exist in the country.
The roles expected of all Stakeholders are clearly spelt out in the Policy Guidelines with special emphasis on the role of the private sector for their full participation. A clear call for adequate funding of the various strategies has been made to all Stakeholders. Sanctions and enforcement mechanisms shall be strengthened and decentralised for better efficiency while rewards for best practices shall be institutionalised.
The ultimate aim of the Policy Guidelines is to ensure that solid waste management is private sector driven with a potential to create employment and wealth. This no doubt shall enhance sustainability.
Col. Bala Mande (rtd.)
Honourable Minister of Environment.
July 2004
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 The growth of human population coupled with increased economic activities in towns and cities result in high rate of solid waste generation. A fundamental attribute of solid waste is that it is inevitable as almost every human activity involves the generation of waste in solid, liquid and gaseous forms. Social dynamics such as modernisation and economic development influence waste generation. This calls for careful planning and adequate resource allocation to forestall a mismatch between the rates of waste generation, rate of collection and disposal.
1.2 The management of solid waste is far from being satisfactory in Nigeria. Many parts of our cities and towns do not benefit from any organised waste management services and therefore wastes are unattended to, buried, burnt or disposed haphazardly. In areas where the authorities do the collection, it is often irregular and sporadic. Recycling of waste is negligible while the methods used for collection, transportation and final disposal are very unsatisfactory. Waste when left unattended for a long time constitutes serious health hazard, causes offensive odour, pollutes underground water sources and decreases environmental aesthetics and quality.
1.3 The waste burden has indeed become critical with waste products often containing materials that are toxic and not readily biodegradable. Such materials include various types of industrial chemical wastes, which can contaminate soil and underground water sources indefinitely if not properly disposed. Biomedical wastes from health care institutions also contain infectious/hazardous materials that can pose potential hazards to the environment and human health, when not properly disposed. The improper handling and disposal of medical wastes is a major threat to refuse collectors and scavengers and can result in infections such as HIV/AIDS, Tetanus, Hepatitis, etc. This in turn undermines productivity and reduces national income, thereby perpetuating a vicious cycle of poverty.
1.4 Effective and efficient Solid Waste Management is based on a hierarchy of management options: the reduction of waste, its reuse wherever possible, recycling, composting and energy recovery, and final disposal. However, there will always be certain wastes for which incineration is the most reasonable environmental and economic option. The Government policy shall seek to choose the best options for waste management that will minimise the risk of environmental pollution and harm to human health.
2.0 AIM
To improve and safeguard public health and welfare through efficient sanitary Solid Waste Management methods that will be economical, sustainable and guarantee sound environmental quality.
3.0 OBJECTIVES
3.1 To develop Policy Guidelines for efficient and sustainable Solid Waste Management in Nigeria.
3.2 To promote a healthy environment by ensuring sanitary Solid Waste Management.
3.3 To minimize waste generation and promote sorting at source, reuse, recycling and energy recovery.
3.4 To ensure safe and nuisance-free disposal of (urban and rural) domestic, medical, and industrial wastes in order to adequately protect public health during and after collection, transportation, treatment and final disposal.
3.5 To promote effective Stakeholders participation in Solid Waste Management.
3.6 To generate employment opportunities, improve the standard of living and thus reduce poverty.
3.7 To optimize labour and equipment in waste management to enhance increased productivity.
3.8 To facilitate cost recovery in waste management investment and ensure project replication and sustainability.
3.9 To build an institutional framework capable of ensuring an efficient waste management system.
3.10 To evolve and maintain an indigenous waste management system based on the physical and socio-cultural characteristics of communities.
3.11 To maintain adequate and regular waste management services at affordable cost.
4.0 JUSTIFICATION
4.1 The alarming rate at which heaps of solid wastes occupy most of our cities, coupled with the fact that 87% of Nigerians use methods adjudged as insanitary, has not only constituted visual blight and odour nuisance, but also encouraged the breeding of rodents, mosquitoes and other pests of public health importance with their attendant disease outbreaks.
4.2 It is common knowledge that markets and motor parks used by hundreds of Nigerians daily are seldom provided with facilities used for solid waste collection and disposal. As a result of this men and women in markets and motor parks often result into indiscriminate disposal of solid waste into public drains, around street corners, etc.
4.3 Flooding on our major roads is due largely to silt and solid waste blocking the drains and other outlets provided. The stagnant water in the blocked drains serve as breeding sites for mosquitoes.
4.4 The high incidence of improper waste management related diseases, e.g cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea, malaria etc, have become a source of embarrassment to Government. It is a known fact that a dirty environment with its attendant health consequences that prevails in most of our cities could scare away tourists and investors.
4.5 The World Health Organization (WHO) is also concerned about poor sanitation in member countries. In a resolution by the Regional Committee for Africa during the Forty-third session stated in its document AFR/RC43/R2 of 7th September 1993, that it is expedient to affirm that proper sanitation and sound waste management are crucial in the promotion and protection of human health and of the environment, both of which are necessary for sustainable development.
5.0 STRATEGIES
5.1 Promote waste minimization at household and community levels, through reduction at source, reuse, recycling and resource recovery.
5.2 Evolve and promote appropriate technologies for recycling of waste components such as bottles, glass, metals, paper, plastic and organic matter.
5.3 Foster the establishment of small-scale waste recycling plants at household and community levels, to source for and convert recyclable waste.
5.4 Develop technical capacity of public and private sector agencies in Solid Waste Management.
5.5 Conduct research to determine per capita waste generation and build a database on Solid Waste Management.
5.6 Establish regulations, sanctions and enforcement mechanisms for Solid Waste Management from source of generation to the point of disposal.
5.7 Develop a Solid Waste Master Plan as a national blue print for effective Solid Waste Management.
5.8 Evolve realistic and sustainable funding mechanisms.
5.9 Create public awareness and sensitisation on efficient municipal Solid Waste Management practices.
5.10 Ensure effective monitoring and evaluation of municipal Solid Waste Management practices
5.11 Set health criteria for manual sorting of wastes at household and community levels
6.0 INSTITUTIONAL ROLES
6.1 The Federal Government shall:
6.1.1 Develop, periodically review and update the Policy Guidelines on Solid Waste Management.
6.1.2 Develop and circulate set standards for equipment procurement and maintenance in Solid Waste Management.
6.1.3 Develop and circulate set standards on private sector participation in Solid Waste Management services
6.1.4 Prepare a Solid Waste Master Plan as a national blue print for effective Solid Waste Management and ensure its implementation at the appropriate levels of Government.
6.1.5 Enact appropriate Legislation that will foster successful implementation of the Policy Guidelines and Master Plan.
6.1.6 Source for funds for programme development, specialized studies and capacity building on Solid Waste Management.
6.1.7 Provide technical assistance to States and LGAs in Solid Waste Management.
6.1.8 Initiate relevant programmes for improved Solid Waste Management practises
6.1.9 Establish a national data bank on Solid Waste Management for planning and development.
6.1.10 Provide environmental education and awareness on sound Solid Waste Management.
6.1.11 Collaborate with relevant Stakeholders and ESAs on Solid Waste Management
6.1.12 Register Solid Waste Management facilities that require EIA certification
6.2 The State Government shall:
6.2.1 Support and ensure the implementation of the Policy Guidelines on Solid Waste Management.
6.2.2 Facilitate the implementation of the National Solid Waste Master Plan
6.2.3 Enact relevant State Legislation
6.2.4 Provide technical support to the LGAs through training and manpower development programmes for capacity building and institutional strengthening.
6.2.5 Support the provision of logistics including financial instruments to facilitate private sector participation in Solid Waste Management.
6.2.6 Conduct public education and enlightenment on sound Solid Waste Management.
6.2.7 Conduct research into local options for Solid Waste Management to guide LGAs.
6.2.8 Establish data bank on Solid Waste Management.
6.2.9 Provide land for siting waste management facilities.
6.3 Local Government shall:
6.3.1 Implement the Policy Guidelines on Solid Waste Management as a statutory obligation.
6.3.2 Implement the National Solid Waste Master Plan.
6.3.3 Enact appropriate legislative instruments and establish necessary sanctions and enforcement mechanisms for efficient service delivery.
6.3.4 Enlist the services of the private sector and other Stakeholders in Solid Waste Management.
6.3.5 Register and license all operators of waste management facilities and services.
6.3.6 Make adequate annual budgetary provisions for Solid Waste Management
6.3.7 Recruit, train and retrain staff for efficient service delivery.
6.3.8 Establish a consultative forum with members of the public to build consensus on appropriate strategies for waste management.
6.3.9 Develop IEC materials on solid waste handling techniques at household level
6.3.10 Promote private sector participation in the delivery of waste management options.
6.4 The Private Sector shall:
6.4.1 Comply with the provisions of the National Policy Guidelines and Master Plan on Solid Waste Management.
6.4.2 Participate in Solid Waste Management on cost recovery basis.
6.4.3 Undertake waste recycling activities in an environmentally sound manner.
6.4.4 Engage in partnership with Local Governments for better service delivery.
6.4.5 Undertake research, specialized studies and product development in Solid Waste Management.
6.4.6 Promote public enlightenment campaigns.
6.5 Civil Society Organisations shall:
6.5.1 Undertake grassroots mobilization to support appropriate waste management options.
6.5.2 Promote the adoption of waste separation and resource recovery at household level.
6.5.3 Promote public enlightenment campaigns on appropriate strategies for waste storage, collection and disposal.
6.6 The Public shall:
6.6.1 Adopt environment friendly habits and practices.
6.6.2 Comply with existing Legislation on Solid Waste Management.
6.6.3 Comply with the provisions of the Policy Guidelines
6.6.4 Cooperate with other Stakeholders to ensure sustainable Solid Waste Management systems.
6.6.5 Patronise recycled goods and biodegradable packages.
6.6.6 Undertake sorting of recyclable components at source and dispose residue at designated sites.
6.6.7 Segregate hazardous wastes and ensure hygienic and safe disposal.
6.6.8 Maintain sanitary dustbins in homes
6.6.9 Adopt the technology of converting local waste into energy generation including biogas.
6.6.10 Adopt the use of compost as soil conditioner.
6.6.11 Pay for Solid Waste Management services to ensure its sustainability.
7.0 GUIDELINES FOR EFFICIENT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICE DELIVERY AT THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT LEVEL
The strategies adopted for waste management at the Local Government level shall relate to the culture, land use types, economic base, climatic conditions, level of urbanization and the existing institutional arrangement. However, the following guidelines are provided as a broad statement to make for strategic interventions in Solid Waste Management in Nigeria.
7.1 WASTE STORAGE
7.1.1 Household sanitary dustbins or disposable refuse bags for collection and storage of household wastes shall be promoted. The sanitary dustbins either galvanized or plastic of about 20kg capacity shall be fitted with two handles and a well fitting cover to prevent fly infestation and odour nuisance. The bins shall be kept out of reach of domestic animals, to prevent spillage of refuse. The galvanized dustbin shall be kept in a non-moist area to prevent corrosion. The dustbins shall be emptied into designated solid waste depot located within the area. Appropriate colour codes shall be adopted for segregation or sorting of domestic and hazardous wastes.
7.1.2 For commercial areas e.g. Market, etc, mammoth bins shall be placed at strategic locations to accommodate the large volume of solid waste generated at the market place.
7.1.3 For industrial premises dinosaur bins of about 1500kg should be placed at strategic locations within such premises to retain solid wastes generated.
7.2 WASTE COLLECTION
The Local Government shall:
7.2.1 Conduct studies and classify all settlements according to their level of urbanization, size, function and economic base into urban, semi-urban and rural.
7.2.2 Review existing collection equipment, method, and frequencies, as well as the tradition and labour practices.
7.2.3 Determine the most efficient system of waste collection for each settlement category and:
i. Set out the method of refuse pick,
ii. Determine manpower and equipment needs,
iii. Determine vehicle type and routing system
7.2.4 Integrate as much as possible, the various waste collection methods adopted for the different levels of settlements.
7.2.5 Introduce standardized waste storage bins but where this is not immediately possible, existing storage bins shall be made functional and safe.
7.2.6 Implement collection methods that take into account differences in residential districts of a city as indicated below:
Residential Area Collection method
Well planned, high income, low density areas House to house
Medium density residential layouts Kerb side
High density low income districts Communal depots
In case of communal depots, adequate numbers shall be provided within 200 to 250 meters walking distance to residences.
7.2.7 Set up an efficient system for sanctioning and enforcement.
7.2.8 Monitor, evaluate and re-plan at regular intervals
7.3 COLLECTION EQUIPMENT
7.3.1 In the choice of waste collection vehicles and equipment, emphasis shall be on optimizing vehicle and labour for improved productivity. The following guidelines are offered for vehicle choice:
i. A variety of non-motorised vehicles, which are human or animal powered are the most appropriate to be used as primary refuse collection vehicles in areas inaccessible to motor vehicles, such as in high density areas with poor road access; or when haul distance is short. Examples of such vehicles include:
a) Handcarts – with container capacity of about 200kg have economic radius of operation of about 1km.
b) Pedal tricycles – with container capacity up to 500kg, have economic operation radius of about 2-3 km.
c) Animal drawn carts – have limited capacity of about 2 cubic meter, with an economic radius of operation of about 3km.
ii. In densely populated areas, heavy motorized vehicles often create problems. In such circumstances and particularly where haul distance is long, the collected intra settlement wastes can be transferred from a small vehicle to a large one at the periphery of settlements or at an appropriate location created as transfer station.
iii. The compactor truck is uneconomical and inappropriate in most areas because non-compaction vehicles can adequately collect our type of waste.
7.3.2 The choice of solid waste handling machine and equipment shall comply with the set guidelines of the Federal Government
7.3.3 The programme of equipment procurement shall be accompanied by maintenance agreement.
7.4 TRANSFER STATIONS
7.4.1 The need for transfer stations has been recognized particularly for some large metropolitan centers. Transfer stations shall be established where any of the following conditions subsist:
i. Where disposal sites cannot be located near the sources of solid waste generation.
ii. Where the responsibilities for waste mangement are separated and in the hands of different agencies.
iii. Where labour and transportation costs are high, particularly for haulage business.
7.4.2 Transfer station shall be built where public objection to its construction is limited and transport cost is optimized.
7.5 WASTE TRANSPORTATION
Intra-city and inter-city transportation of solid waste shall comply with the following guidelines:
7.5.1 Choice of vehicles shall comply with set guidelines on equipment procurement.
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7.5.2 Transport vehicles shall be covered to prevent unhealthy spread and dispersal of waste.
7.5.3 Transport itinerary shall be planned and properly routed in a manner that will not encumber intra-city mobility.
7.6 WASTE MANAGEMENT METHODS
7.6.1 Sanitary landfill remains the most cost-effective means of Solid Waste Management. Local Governments shall identify suitable landfill sites. The management of the site shall be public or private but the LGA shall monitor and supervise the sites to ensure compliance with standards.
7.6.2 The biological decomposition of organic wastes to produce biogas and/or compost shall be encouraged.
7.6.3 The large potential for recycling that has been found for municipal waste in Nigeria shall be tapped.
7.6.4 Incineration as a method of waste treatment shall be employed only where the local environment permits and for selected wastes.
7.7 MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
7.7.1 Four (4) management options are recommended:
i. By Local Government/Municipal Agencies;
ii. By Private Companies on contract with the LGA/Municipality;
iii. By Private Companies on contract with Home Owners.
iv. By public/private partnership
7.7.2 Direct operations of waste management by LGA/Municipal Agencies may be embarked upon where the private initiative is low. This practice is often bedeviled with frequent personnel turnover and the use of incompetent or untrained officials. Although money may be saved, it may be at the expense of satisfactory performance.
7.7.3 Contracting out waste collection to private contractors by the LGA/ Municipal Agency has its advantages. First, waste collection is conducted as a business venture without political considerations. Similarly, the burden of expenditure for equipment and capital outlay is placed on private companies while collection is effective. However, it may sometimes be counter-productive, as profit is the object of service. Also, contractual obligations are fixed and inflexible to changing conditions, as alterations in collection practices will require review in terms of contract. Furthermore, there are dual risks. One occurs in case of non-renewal of contract in spite of high capital outlay by the private contractor. The other is the risk to Government in case the private contractor fails.
7.7.4 Contract with individual house-owners is a frequent occurrence in sub-urban or rural areas where the LGA/Municipality does not usually render waste collection services. The practice has been found to be highly competitive and often uneconomic. There is usually price cutting by operators, which leads to low service standard. However, if properly organized and well monitored by the LGA, the service can be very effective in ridding the city of waste.
7.7.5 Public private partnership which is the latest practice the world over, shall be encouraged as this service will without doubt complement the efforts of the Government at getting rid of solid waste heaps in the city. Apart from the fact that the system will create more employment and alleviate poverty of the operators, the revenue base of the LGA will be significantly increased through the registration and licensing of such operators. However, the Government on its part shall promote and organize this sector through creation of appropriate enabling environment.
7.8 PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION
Private sector participation shall be hinged on the principle of fair play and transparency that is devoid of political undertones. The selection of private sector participants in Solid Waste Management shall be organised as follows:
7.8.1 Franchised area shall be planned and mapped.
7.8.2 Criteria for company qualification and selection shall be clearly stated.
7.83 Indicators for franchised performance shall be specified.
7.8.4 Terms of Reference and Conditions of Engagement of the private sector participant shall be well defined.
7.8.5 Monitoring and evaluation procedures shall be outlined.
7.8.6 Entire operations shall be backed by Legislation.
7.9 SANCTIONS AND ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS
Mobile Sanitation Courts have become necessary to encourage public compliance with set rules and regulations, enforce standards and ensure positive attitudinal changes. In this regard, the following shall be put in place:
7.9.1 Bye-laws on Solid Waste Management stipulating service standards and operations as well as citizen’s obligations, shall be enacted.
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7.9.2 The Bye-laws shall be adequately disseminated to all communities.
7.9.3 Local and mobile courts shall be established where they do not exist, to try offenders and impose sanctions.
7.9.4 Sanctions shall be strictly enforced.
7.10 REWARD FOR BEST PRACTICES
7.10.1 Each tier of Government shall identify best practices based on set criteria for exposition and reward.
7.10.2 Replication of best practices shall be encouraged.
I am an environmental public health practitioner. Obtained first degree in public health [environmental health and safety] from Federal University of Technology, Owerri.
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